APPRAISING HEAVY METALS AND IONIC SPECIES IN ROAD DUST OF YABA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS AND ENVIRONS, LAGOS - NIGERIA

Authors

  • Chukwuwuba Chekwube Ojiodu
    Yaba College of Technology, Yaba - Lagos, Nigeria
  • Adeyinka Olubunmi Eruola
    Yaba College of Technology, Yaba - Lagos, Nigeria
  • Emmanuel Gbenga Olumayede
    Federal University, Oye - Ekiti, Nigeria
  • Donatus Ugochukwu Moses
    Yaba College of Technology, Yaba - Lagos, Nigeria
  • Emmanuel Mmaduabuchi Ikegwu
    Yaba College of Technology, Yaba – Lagos, Nigeria

Keywords:

pollution , dust , anthropogenic , sample , contamination , heavy metal

Abstract

This study reports the concentrations of selected heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cd) and ionic species (????????42−, ????????3−, Cl–, ????????32−, ????2????42−) in road dust samples within Yaba College of Technology and its surrounding environment in Lagos State, Nigeria. 44 dust samples were collected from January to June 2025, four times a month across eleven locations. Road dust were swept using a hand brush into plastic parkers and transferred into sterile valves. Samples were sieved through a 75-μm stainless steel mesh, weighed, and digested with nitric (HNO₃) and sulphuric (H₂SO₄) acids. Heavy metal concentrations were determined with an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), while ionic species were analyzed using standard Analytical methods and procedures. The percentage contributions of contaminants were: Zn - (60.63%), Pb - (22.42 %), Cu (8.75 %), Cd -(1.01 %), Ni -(7.19 %); and among ionic species: ????????4− -(42.62 %), ????????3− -(21.90 %), Cl– -(12.07 %), ????????32− -(16.32 %), and ????2????42− -(7.09 %). Zinc -(1434.69 mg/kg), showed the highest metal concentration, whereas Cadmium - (23.89 mg/kg) had the lowest. Sulphate -(841.38) was the most abundant, while Oxalate- (139.89 mg/kg) was least. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified three components accounting for 86.68 % of the total variance, indicating anthropogenic influence. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationship (p < 0.05) between metals and ionics species. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cu exceeded limits set by the Federal Ministry of Environment, the European Communities, and United Nations Environmental Programme, confirming pollution in the study area

Author Biographies

Chukwuwuba Chekwube Ojiodu

College Central Research Laboratory

Adeyinka Olubunmi Eruola

Department of Chemical Sciences

Emmanuel Gbenga Olumayede

Department of Industrial Chemistry

Donatus Ugochukwu Moses

College Central Research Laboratory

Emmanuel Mmaduabuchi Ikegwu

Department of Statistics

Dimensions

Aguilera, A., Armendariz, C., Quintana, P., Garcia - Oliva, F. and Bautista, F. (2019)“Influence of land use and road type on the elemental composition of urban dust in a Mexican metropolitan area, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 28: 1535 - 1547.

Ali, M.U., Liu, G., Yousaf, B., Abbas, Q., Ullah, H., Munir, M.A.M. and Fu, B. (2017). Pollution characteristics and human health risks of potentially (eco)toxic elements (PTEs) in road dust from metropolitan area of Hefei, China, Chemosphere, 181: 111- 121.

Amato, F., Alastuey, A., De La Rosa, J., Gonzalez Castanedo, Y., Sánchez de la Campa, A.M., Pandolfi, M.,Lozano, A., Contreras González, J. and Querol, X. (2014). Trends of road dust emissions contributions on ambient air particulate levels at rural, urban and industrial sites in southern Spain", Atmos. Chem. Phys, 14: 3533 - 3544.

APHA. (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater” (23rd ed.).American Public Health Association.

Awang, S. E., Nurmaya, A., Sofatunida, T. H. and Fauzi., M. A. J. (2025). Analysis of Illegal Gold Mining (PETI) Impact on The Environment with TDS, TSS, Mercury and Cyanide Parameters in Water and Sediment of Cikaniki River. Aceh Int. J. Sci. Technol., 14(1): 74 - 83. doi: 10.13170/aijst.14.1.43432. Copyright: © 2025 by Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology.

Bawuro, A., Voegborlo, R. and Adimado, A. (2018). Bioaccumulation of heavy Metals in some tissues of fish in Lake Geriyo, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Public Health, (1); 1 - 7.

Benhaddya, M. L., Boukhelkhal, A., Halis, Y., and Hadjel, M . (2016). Human health risks associated with metals from urban soil and road dust in an oilfield area of South eastern Algeria, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicolology, 70: 556 - 557.

Budai, P. and Clement, A. (2018). Spatial distribution patterns of four traffic - emitted heavy metals in urban Road dust and the resuspension of brake - emitted particles: Findings of a field study, Transp. Res. D Transp. Environment, 62: 179 - 185.

Chen, H., Lu, X., Wang, J. and Qu, L. (2021). Heavy metal pollution in urban road dust: A case study in Xi’an, China, Environmental Pollution, 286: 117577.

Chen, W., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Duan, N., Gong, X., Liu, S., Zhan, C., Chen, W. and Xing, X. (2022). Characteristics, sources and health risk of heavy metals in road dust in a typical county town, central China, Applied Sciences, 12(24): 12958.

Duan, Z. B., Wang, J., Zhang, Y. X., Xuan, B. (2017). Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Road Dust from Different Functional Areas in Guiyang, Southwest, China, International Journal of Environment, Science and Education, 12: 427 - 439.

European Commission (EC), Regulation No 1881/2006. JO L 364; 2006, 5 - 24.

Enuneku, A., Biose, E. and Ezemon ye, L. (2017). Levels, distribution, characterization and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in road side soils and earthworms from urban high traffic areas in Benin metropolis, Southern Nigeria , Journal of Environment, Chemical Engineering, 5(3):, 2773.

Faisal, M., Wu, Z., Wang, H., Hussain, Z. and Azam, M. I. (2021). Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Urban Road Dust of Zhengzhou Metropolis, China, Atmosphere, 12(9): 1213.

Foti, L., Dubs, F., Gignoux, J. , Lata, J., Lerch, T. Z., Mathieu, J., Nold, F.,Nunan, N., Raynaud, X., Abaddie, L. and Barot, S.(2017). Trace element concentrations along a gradient of urban pressure in forest and lawn soils of the Paris region (France) , The Science of the Total Environment, 598:938 - 948.

Ghosh, S., and Das, S.(2014). Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Ionic Species in Road Dust from Kolkata, India, Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(10): 6617- 6627.

HACH. (2020). DR6000 Spectrophotometer User Manual, HACH Company.

Hazem, A. S., Ibrahim, H., Saleh, E. A. Shalaby, Z. F., Ghatass, A.R., Shatat, Mohamed, E. and Esraa, H. A. (2025). Assessment of heavy metals in total suspended particles and deposited dust in different areas in Assiut city, Egypt Scientific Reports, 15:32574 1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18697-1.

He, Z. L., Yang, X. E. and Stoffella, P. J.(2005).Trace elements in agro - ecosystems and impacts on the environment, Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 19(2): 125 - 140.

Heidari, M., Darijani, T. and Alipour, V. (2021). Heavy metal pollution of road dust in a city and its highly polluted suburb; quantitative source apportionment and source - specific ecological and health risk assessment, Chemosphere, 273: 29656.

Herawati, N., Suzuki, S., Hayashi, K., Rivai, I. F., and Koyama, H. (2000). Cadmium, Copper and Zinc levels in rice and soil of Japan, Indonesia, and China by soil type, Bulletin of Environment, Contamination and Toxicology, 64(1): 33 - 39.

Hu, B., Shao, S., Ni, H., Fu, Z., Hu, L., Zhuo, Z., Min, X., She, S., Chen, S., Huang, M., Zhuo, L., Li, Y. and Shi, Z. (2020). Current status, spatial features, health risks, and potential driving factors of soil heavy metal pollution in China at province level, Environmental Pollution, 266: 114961.

IARC. (2021). Cadmium and its compounds, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 129: 1- 37.

IARC. (2020). Nickel and nickel compounds, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 124: 1- 40.

Jeong, H.Y., Lee, J. H., Kim, K. T., Kim, E.S. and Ra, K. T. (2019). Identification on Metal Pollution Sources in Road Dust of Industrial Complex Using Magnetic Property Around Shihwa Lake Basin, J. of Korean Soc. Mar. Environ. Energy, 22: 18 - 33.

Jiang, H., Patel, S. and Kumar, R. (2019). Carbonate Ions in Human Environmental Exposure, Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(6): 067005.

Jiao, X., Yingze, T., Chunlei, Cheng., Chuang, W., Qiuju, L., Mei, L., Xiaofei, W. and Guoliang, S. (2020). Characteristics and source apportionment of ambient single particles in Tianjin, China, The close association between oxalic acid and biomass burning. Atmospheric Research.Science Direct, 237: 2020, 104843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104843.

Jreije, M., Gorgy, K., Helal, N. (2022). Assessment of heavy metals in urban dust using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP - MS) and risk evaluation, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(12): 17500 - 17515.

Khademi, H., Gabarrón, M., Abbaspour, A., Martinez, S., Faz, A. and Acosta, J.(2019). Environmental impact assessment of industrial activities on heavy metals distribution in street dust and soil, Chemosphere, 217: 695 - 705.

King, J. C., Shames, D. M., and Lowe, N. M.( 2021). The role of zinc in human health and disease, Advances in Nutrition, 12(5):1673 - 1685.

Kui, C. and Chang, L. (2019). Street dust heavy metal pollution source apportionment and sustainable management in a typical city - Shijiazhuang, China, International Journal of Environment Res. Public Health, 2625: 1-16.

L.A.S.G.(2020). Lagos State Government, Lagos Urban Challenges: Tackling the City's Growth and Environmental Sustainability, Lagos State Ministry of Urban Planning.

Landrigan, P. J., Fuller, R., Fisher, S., Suk, W. A., Sly, P., Chiles, T. C. and Bose - O'Reilly, S. (2020). Pollution and children's health, Science of the Total Environment, 728: 138-147.

Li, X. (2015). Levels and spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban dust in China, Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 34, 2015, 498 - 506.

Linder, M. C.(2020). Copper and human health: Biochemistry, genetics, and strategies for prevention, Biometals, 33(3): 331 - 340.

Li, Q., Sun, Y. and Zhang, Y. (2021). Comparative analysis of chloride determination methods in urban street dust, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 115; 2022, 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.004.

Lu, X., Zhang, X., Li, L. Y., Chen, H. (2017). Assessment of metals pollution and health risk in dust from nursery schools in Xi’an, China", Environmental Research, 157: 118 - 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.014.

Lu, X., Wu, X., Wang, Y., Chen, H., Gao, P. and Fu, Y. (2014). Risk assessment of toxic metals in street dust from a medium - sized industrial city of China”, Ecotoxicology Environment Saf, 106: 154 - 163.

Martin, J., Cooper, P. and Collins, D. (2020). Biogenic oxalate production in fungi and lichens: Environmental and physiological roles, Fungal Biology Reviews, 34(2): 89 - 103.

Men, C., Liu, R., Wang, Q., Guo, L., Miao, Y. and Shen, Z.(2019). Uncertainty analysis in source apportionment of heavy metals in road dust based on positive matrix factorization model and geographic information system", The Science of the Total Environment, 652: 27-39.

Men, C., Liu, R., Xu, F., Wang, Q., Guo, L. and Shen, Z.(2018). Pollution characteristics, risk assessment, and source apportionment of heavy metals in road dust in Beijing, China, The Science of the Total Environment, 612; 2018, 38 - 147.

Men, C., Liu, R., Xu, L., Wang, Q., Guo, L., Miao, Y. and Shen, Z. (2020). Source - specific ecological risk analysis and critical source identification of heavy metals in road Dust in Beijing China”, Journal of Hazard Materials, 388.

Mohamed, Y. H., Andrian, A. S., Ilia, V. Y., Georgy, M., Elizaveta ,Y. K., Mohammed, S. A. and Ahmed, K. S. (2023). Heavy metal contamination levels, source distribution, and risk assessment in fine sand of urban surface deposited sediments of Ekaterinburg, Russia Environ, Geochemical Health , 45(7): 438 - 4406. doi: 10.1007/s10653-023-01494-y.

Nguyen, M.H., Huynh., T, K,N., Ha, T. L., Pham , T. T. (2023). Utilizing X - ray fluorescence (XRF) method to evaluate the content of metal elements in soil and their effects on the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of some medicinal plants", Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(8): 963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661- 023-11585-z.

Ogunyinka, S. E., and Adedeji, A. M. (2017). Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Road Dust of Lagos, Nigeria, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(6): 5619 - 5627.

Ojiodu, C. C., Damazio, O. A. and Oshin, T. T. (2023). Assessment and source apportionment of heavy - metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cd) on street dust of Oshodi - Isolo Area, Lagos State, Southwestern Nigeria , Nigerian Journal of Environment Science and Technology (NIJEST), 7(2): 203 - 216.

Ojiodu, C. C., Eruola, A. O., Damazio, O. A. and Oshin, T. T. (2023). Characteristic Distribution and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cd) on Street Dust of Ikeja Area of Lagos State, Southwestern Nigeria, Nigerian Journal of Environment Science and Technology (NIJEST), 7(2): 217 - 231.

Ojiodu, C. C., Moses, D. U., Damazio, O. A., Oshin, T. T. (2023). Appraising heavy metals distribution in Street Dust of Ketu - Mile 12 Area of Lagos - State, South - Western Nigeria, Nigerian Journal of Environment Science and Technology, 7(2): 277 - 290.

Ojiodu, C. C., Olumayede, E. G. and Okuo, J. M. (2023). The level of heavy metals in the atmosphere of a microenvironment, Lagos state, southwestern - Nigeria using Moss plant (Dicranium scorparium) as Bioindicator, Science World Journal, 13(4): 69 - 74.

Ojiodu, C. C., Olumayede, E.G., Eruola, A.O., Ashiru, A. W., Moses, D.O., Olaleru, S. A. and Oyebamiji, O.O. (2024). Characteristic distribution and Source apportionment of some heavy metals in street dust of Ikorodu area of Lagos state, Southwestern Nigeria, Fulafia Journal of Science and Technology(FJST), 8(2): 23 - 34 ISSN (Print): 2449- 6954 | ISSN (Online): 2636 - 4972.

Oliveira, M., Pinto, E., Ferreira, I. M. P. L. V. O. and Correia, D. M.(2020). Cadmium, lead, and copper content of water and vegetables from urban markets in Portugal, Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B, 13(1): 9 - 14. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2019.1657973.

Olowoyo, J. O., Mugivhisa, L. L. and Magoloi, Z.G. (2016). Composition of trace metals in dust samples collected from selected high chools in Pretoria, South Africa, Applied Environment, Soil Sciences, 1-9.

Owoeye, O. and Owoeye, O. (2020). Heavy Metal Contamination of Dust in Urban and Industrial Areas in Lagos, Nigeria, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(8): 1- 9.

Pettucci, C., Zelenin, A., Culver, J. A., Gabriel, M., Kirkbride, K., Christison, T. T. and Gardell, S. J. (2016). Use of Ion Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Targeted Metabolite Profiling of Polar Organic Acids", Analytical Chemistry, 88(23): 11799 - 11803.

Praveena, S. M. (2019). Characterization and risk analysis of metals associated with urban dust in Rawang (Malaysia) , Arch. Environ. Contamination and Toxicology, 75: 415 - 423.

Querol, X., Viana, M., Alastuey, A., Amato, F., Moreno, T., Castillo, S., Pey, J., De la Rosa, J., De La Campa, A.S., Artíñano, B. and Salvador, P. (2007). Source origin of trace elements in PM from regional background, urban and industrial sites of Spain, Atmospheric Environment, 41: 7219 - 7231.

Rahman, M. S., Khan, M. D. H. and Jolly, Y. N., Kabir, J., Akter, S. and Salam, A. (2019). Assessing risk to human health for heavy metal contamination through street dust in the Southeast Asian Megacity: Dhaka, Bangladesh, The Science of the Total Environment, 660: 1610 - 1622.

Ramírez, O., de la Campa, A.S., Amato, F., Catacolí, R.A., Rojas, N.Y., de la Rosa, J.(2018). Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM10 at an urban background site in a high - altitude Latin American megacity (Bogota, Colombia)", Environmental Pollution, 233: 142 - 155.

Reyes, B.A., Bautista, F., Goguitchaichvili, A., Contreras, J.J. M., Owen, P.Q., Carvallo, C. and Battu, J. (2013). Rock-magnetic properties of topsoils and urban dust from Morelia (>800,000 inhabitants), Mexico: Implications for anthropogenic pollution monitoring in Mexico’s medium size cities, Geofis. Int. 52: 121 - 133.

Rodriguez, E., McDonough, W. F.+ Reynolds, B. C. (2019). Applications of Laser Ablation ICP - MS in Environmental and Biological Samples, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 112: 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.12.015.

Saghatelyan, A., Sahakyan, L., Belyaeva, O. and Maghakyan, N. (2014). Studying atmospheric dust and heavy metals on urban sites through synchronous use of different methods, Journal of Atmospheric Pollution, 2:12 - 16.

Sahakyan, L., Maghakyan, N., Belyaeva, O., Tepanosyan, G.,Kafyan, M. and Saghatelyan, A.(2014). Heavy metals in urban dust: Contamination and health risk assessment: A case study from Gyumri, Armenia, Arabian Journal of Geoscience, 9: 142.

Shabbaj, I. I., Alghamdi, M.A., Shamy, M., Hassan, S. K., Alsharif, M. M. and Khoder, M. I. (2018). Risk Assessment band Implication of Human Exposure to Road Dust Heavy Metals in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, International Journal of Environment. Res. Public Health, 15, 36.

Shi, J., Zhao, C., Wang, Z.,Pang, X., Zhong, Y., Han, X. and Ning, P. (2022). Chemical Composition and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in a Border City in Southwest China, Atmosphere, 13:7. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010007.

Soltani, N., Keshavarzi, B., Moore, F., Tavakol, T., Lahijanzadeh, A.R., Jaafarzadeh, N. and Kermani, M. (2015). Ecological and human health hazards of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Isfahan metropolis, Iran, The Science of the Total Environment, 505: 712 -723.

Smith, A. L., Jones, M. E. and Roberts, D.(2022). Dermal exposure to heavy metals: Implications for human health, Journal of Environmental Health, 84(9): 24 -31.

Suresh, H. N.,Mahalingam,C. A. and Pallavi. (2012). Amount of chitin, chitosan and chitosan based on chitin weight in pure races of multivoltine and bivoltine silkworm pupae Bombyx mori L. International Journal of Science and Nature, 3(1): 214 - 216. ISSN 2229 - 6441.

Suryawanshi, P.V., Rajaram, B.S., Bhanarkar, A.D. and Chalapati Rao,C.V. (2016). Determining heavy metal contamination of road dust in Delhi, India. Atmósfera , 29: 221- 234.

Tang, J., Liu, X., and Liu, Y.(2020). Distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in street dust from an industrial city in China, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27: 12555-12567.

Tanner, P., Lingma, H. and Yu, P. K. N. (2008). Fingerprinting metals in urban street dust of Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, Environment Science and Technology, 42: 7111 - 7117.

Tariq, A., Lee, Y., Roosa, K., Blumberg, S., Yan, P., Ma, S., Chowell, G. (2020). Rea l- Time Monitoring the Transmission Potential of COVID-19 in Singapore, BMC Medicine, 18(166). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01615-9.

Trujillo - Gonzalez, J. M., Torres - Mora, M. A., Keesstra, S., Brevik, E. C. and Jimenez - Ballesta, R.(2016). Heavy metal accumulation related to population density in road dust samples taken from urban sites under different land uses, The Science of the Total Environment, 553: 636 - 642.

Wahab, N. A. A., Fairus, M. D., Norain I., Siti, M. S. and Nur, F. M. H. (2012). Heavy metal Concentration of Settled Surface Dust in Residential Buildings. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 16 (1): 18 - 23.

Wang, W., Xu, X., Zhou, Z., Dong, X., Tian, T. A. (2022). Joint method to assess pollution status and source-specific human health risks of potential toxic elements in soils, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194: 685.

Wang, Y., Guo, G., Zhang, D. and Lei, M. (2021). An integrated method for source apportionment of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural soils and model uncertainty analysis, Environmental Pollution, 276: 116666.

Wei, B., Jiang, F., Li, X., and Mu, S. (2009). Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in urban road dusts from Urumqi, NW China”, Microchemical Journal, 93: 147 - 152.

Xu, Z., Mi, W. B., Mi, N., Fan, X.G., Zhou, Y., Tian, Y. (2020). Characteristics and sources of heavy metal pollution in desert steppe soil related to transportation and industrial activities, Environment Science and Pollution Research, 27(31): 1- 14.

Yu, Y., Ma, J., Song, N., Wang, X., Wei, T., Yang, Z., and Li, Y. (2016). Comparison of metal pollution and health risks of urban dust in Beijing in 2007 and 2012, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188: 1 - 11.

Zgłobicki, W., and Telecka, M.(2021). Heavy Metals in Urban Street Dust: Health Risk Assessment (Lublin City, E Poland), Applied Sciences, 11(9): 4092.

Zhang, C., Qiao, Q., Appel, E., and Huang, B. (2012).Discriminating sources of anthropogenic heavy metals in urban street dusts using magnetic and chemical methods, Journal Geochemical. Exploration. 60 -75, 119 - 120.

Zhang, R., Chen, L., and Huang, J. (2020). Determination of carbonate in arid soil dust via gravimetric CO₂ evolution method, Geoderma Regional, 22: e00331.

Zhang, X., Li, Y. and Wang, L. (2021). Epigenetic effects of cadmium exposure, Environmental Epigenetics, 7(1): dvab017.

Zhao , Y., Miao,Q., Shi, H., Li, X, Yan, J., Yang, S., Hou C., Yu, C., Feng, W. and Hao, J. (2025). Inversion of soil salinization at the branch canal scale in the Hetao Ireogation District based on improved spectral indices", Agricultural Water Management, Science Direct, 316: 109608.

Zhe, X., Wenbao, M., Nan, M., Xingang, F., Ying, T., Yao, Z. and Ya - nan, Z. (2021). Heavy metal pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of dust fall related to industrial activities in desert steppes, Peer Journal, 9: 1 - 26.

Published

25-03-2026

How to Cite

APPRAISING HEAVY METALS AND IONIC SPECIES IN ROAD DUST OF YABA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS AND ENVIRONS, LAGOS - NIGERIA. (2026). FULafia Journal of Science and Technology , 10(1), 172-185. https://doi.org/10.62050/fjst2026.v10n1.695

Issue

Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026): Fulafia Journal of Science and Technology (FJST)

Section

Environmental Sciences
Copyright & Licensing

How to Cite

APPRAISING HEAVY METALS AND IONIC SPECIES IN ROAD DUST OF YABA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY CAMPUS AND ENVIRONS, LAGOS - NIGERIA. (2026). FULafia Journal of Science and Technology , 10(1), 172-185. https://doi.org/10.62050/fjst2026.v10n1.695

Similar Articles

51-56 of 56

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.