FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
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description: FULAFIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (FJST) is an International Journal published by the Federal University of Lafia. It is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes papers in two issues per volume, that is March and September. It contributes immensely to all areas of Agricultural, Biological, Earth, Engineering, Environmental, Natural, and Physical Sciences. ISSN-online: 2636-4972 ISSN-print: 2449-0954
publisher: Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
language: en
publication name: FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
issn: 2449-0954
items: EFFECT OF BOILING AND FRYING ON THE PROXIMATE, MINERAL ANDPHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIPE PLANTAIN (Musa paradisiaca)
items: ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF GINGER (Zingiber officinale) ANDGARLIC (Allium sativum) FLOUR CULTIVATED IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
items: PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONAL GROUP PROFILE OF Millettia aboensis EXTRACTS TO ELUCIDATE THEIR BIOCHEMICAL BASIS FOR LARVICIDALACTIVITY AGAINST Anopheles AND Culex MOSQUITOES
items: DEVELOPMENT OF A SOLAR-POWERED AUDIBLE BIRD REPELLER SYSTEM FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
items: AEROMAGNETIC SPECTRAL INVESTIGATION OF SUBSURFACE THERMAL STRUCTURE FOR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY EVALUATION IN YOLA ARM, UPPER BENUE TROUGH, NIGERIA
items: ASSESSMENT OF ODONATA COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND SPECIES DIVERSITY ACROSS TWO COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
items: LOCAL HABITAT CONDITIONS DRIVE MORPHOMETRIC VARIATIONS, BUT NOT SPATIAL PATTERNS OF Anopheles MOSQUITOES IN NORTH-CENTRAL, NIGERIA
items: SOLVING OF VOLTERRA INTEGRO-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OFTHE SECOND KIND USING BLOCK HYBRID METHOD
items: DYNAMICS OF FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM OF HYDROMAGNETICMAXWELL FLUID OVER A SPINNING DISK WITH MARANGONI EFFECTS
items: QUEUING ANALYSIS OF PATIENT FLOW IN THE OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT OFFEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, KEFFI: AN M/M/C MODEL APPROACH
items: EVALUATION OF IMPROVED SOYBEAN (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) GENOTYPES TREATED WITH IRON NANOPARTICLES
items: PERTURBED CHEBYSHEV-FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD FOR SOLVINGTHIRD-ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
items: CHARACTERIZATION AND MINERALOGICAL STUDIES OF AKIRI COPPER ORE IN AWE LGA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA USING ED-XRF, XRD AND SEM-EDS
items: INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF AN ECO-FRIENDLY, COST-EFFECTIVE STARTER FOR SUSTAINABLE CHARCOALBRIQUETTE PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
items: BACTERIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER FROM TANKS IN VARIOUS LABORATORIES OF FEDERAL UNIVERSITY DUTSIN-MA, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
items: UNEMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS AND MACROECONOMIC FACTORS IN NORTH-EASTERN NIGERIA: A PANEL COINTEGRATION AND CAUSALITY APPROACH
items: ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Cassia occidentalis WHOLE PLANTEXTRACT AGAINST MDR-Salmonella SPECIES
items: FIXED POINTS OF A NONHOMOGENIOUS SECOND ORDER DIFFERENCEEQUATION OF ACCRETIVE TYPE IN HILBERT SPACES
items: GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TiO2NANOPARTICLES USING Lonchocarpus cyanescens
items: INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF PRE-TREATMENT WITH GRANULATEDPLANTAIN PEEL ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM POULTRY WASTE
items: MULTILEVEL COUNT REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTINGANTENATAL CARE VISITS IN NIGERIA
items: A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF STOCK PRICE MOVEMENTS AND VOLATILITY PATTERNS IN SELECTED NIGERIAN BANKS
items: A HYBRID ENSEMBLE LEARNING APPROACH FOR ENTERPRISE NETWORK THREAT CLASSIFICATION
items: ASSESSMENT OF 30 YEARS LAND USE AND LAND COVERCHANGES OF DOMA NASARAWA STATE
items: MODELING CHOLERA DYNAMICS WITH VACCINATION AND ASYMPTOMATIC TRANSMISSION: A MATHEMATICAL FRAMEWORK FOR OUTBREAK CONTROL
items: A MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE DYNAMICS OF TYPHOID FEVER
items: GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND FOUNDATION SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT:CASE STUDY OF GANDU, LAFIA, NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA
items: EXTRACTION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL, AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOCELLULOSE FROM PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus) PEELS WITHPOTENTIAL FOR SUSTAINABLE PAPER APPLICATIONS
items: BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM CO-DIGESTION OF RICE HUSK, CASSAVA PEEL, ANDPOTATO PEEL IN LAFIA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
items: COMPUTATION OF DISTANCE-BASED TOPOLOGICAL INDICES FOR THREE CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS

EFFECT OF BOILING AND FRYING ON THE PROXIMATE, MINERAL ANDPHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIPE PLANTAIN (Musa paradisiaca)
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description: The effect of boiling and frying on the proximate, phytochemical, antinutritional, and mineral content of ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) obtained from Lafia Modern Market, were evaluated. Proximate analysis showed that while raw plantain contained high quantities of moisture (13.13 %), proteins (11.15 %), fats (12.24 %) and ash (10.81 %), boiling and frying resulted in an increase in the carbohydrates (70.47-71.10 %) and calorific values (350.69-351.97 Kcal/100 g). Mineral analysis showed improved retention of Fe (2.598 mg/Kg in raw to 7.667 mg/Kg after boiling and 5.889 mg/Kg after frying) and Zn (0.639 mg/Kg in raw to 0.984 mg/Kg after boiling and 0.786 mg/Kg after frying), with decreased quantities of Cu (0.196 mg/Kg in raw to 0.106 mg/Kg after boiling and 0.105 mg/Kg after frying) and Cr (0.131 mg/Kg in raw to 0.112 mg/Kg after frying and not detected after boiling). The study demonstrates that plantain is rich in vital nutrients. Both boiling and frying slightly changed the quantities of the phytochemicals, but the changes were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Frying was found to increase dietary calories while reducing proteins. Boiling, on the other hand, preserves carbohydrates and proteins and improves retention of minerals, making it a better cooking method compared to frying.
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: Hamza Ibrahim Muhammad
creator: Ibrahim Opeyemi Oloruntele
creator: Ovey Bulus Tsaku
creator: Matthew Aremu
creator: Musa Tanko
creator: Mohammed Mohammed
creator: Muhammad Abubakar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-07-03
publication date: 2026-07-03
starting page: 184
ending page: 189
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.867

ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF GINGER (Zingiber officinale) ANDGARLIC (Allium sativum) FLOUR CULTIVATED IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
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description: Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) are important spices widely consumed for their culinary and medicinal values. Despite their widespread availability and use, comprehensive data on the varieties grown in northern Nigeria are scarce. This study, therefore, examined the proximate, phytochemical, and amino acid profiles of ginger and garlic flour cultivated in Kaduna State using Standard Analytical Methods with three replicates per sample. Statistical analyses, such as mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and Student’s t-test at 5 % significance level, were performed. The proximate composition values (%) of ginger and garlic were as follows: crude protein (15.21 and 11.16), crude fat (4.03 and 2.65), ash (5.90 and 7.12), crude fiber (5.15 and 20.22), moisture (6.42 and 5.52), and carbohydrates (63.29 and 53.33). The calculated metabolizable energy was 1483.61 and 1194.38 kJ/100 g for ginger and garlic, respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed high tannin levels in both samples (ginger, 160.38 mg/100 g; garlic, 170.33 mg/100 g), with garlic showing higher oxalate (7.64 %), alkaloid (10.43 %), and phenol (1.43 %) contents, whereas ginger had greater flavonoid (9.39 %) concentration. Garlic showed adequacy in isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine + tyrosine, but was limited in lysine, methionine + cystine and tryptophan. In contrast, ginger was limited in all essential amino acids. These findings indicate that ginger and garlic flour from Kaduna State are nutritionally valuable spices that support their potential for application in food fortification and health-promoting applications
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: Matthew Olaleke Aremu
creator: Mujidat Adeola Alabi
creator: Faridat Adams
creator: Halima Eshi Ibrahim
creator: Mohammed Alhaji Mohammed
creator: Francis Busuyi Iyiola
creator: Damilola Esther Aremu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 128
ending page: 134
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.844

PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONAL GROUP PROFILE OF Millettia aboensis EXTRACTS TO ELUCIDATE THEIR BIOCHEMICAL BASIS FOR LARVICIDALACTIVITY AGAINST Anopheles AND Culex MOSQUITOES
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description: Mosquitoes are major vectors of life-threatening diseases and their control is increasingly challenged by the emergence of insecticide resistance. Millettia aboensis has demonstrated promising larvicidal activity against mosquito species. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and functional group profile of M. aboensis extracts to elucidate the biochemical basis of their larvicidal activity against Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes. Plant materials collected from Lafia metropolis were extracted by maceration and subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses, alongside Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Qualitative screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, and anthraquinones, with the leaf extracts showing greater phytochemical diversity and abundance of active constituents. Quantitative analysis indicated that saponins (18.78 mg/100 g) and steroids (16.65 mg/100 g) were predominantin the leaf extract. The FTIR spectroscopy further validated these findings by identifying characteristic absorption bands corresponding to hydroxyl (–OH), carbonyl (C=O), amine (–NH), ether (C–O–C), and chloro (C–Cl) groups, which are associated with alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, and alkaloids. The presence of these functional groups suggests multiple larvicidal mechanisms, including oxidative stress induction, neurotoxic interference, enzymatic inhibition, and cuticular disruption. The integrated phytochemical and FTIR analyses provide molecular evidence supporting the larvicidal potency of M. aboensis, highlighting its potential as a sustainable botanical alternative to synthetic larvicides. The findings establish M. aboensis as a promising bio-resource for the development of eco-friendly vector control agents and contribute to the growing body of knowledge on plant-based mosquito management strategies.
subject: Environmental Sciences
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creator: Simon Odey
creator: Victoria Pam
creator: James Maikenti
creator: Mohammed Ashigar
creator: Akwashiki Ombugadu
creator: Hussein Ahmed
creator: M. R. Abubakar
creator: Isaac Joshua
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-05-12
publication date: 2026-05-12
starting page: 64
ending page: 73
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.837

DEVELOPMENT OF A SOLAR-POWERED AUDIBLE BIRD REPELLER SYSTEM FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
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description: Bird activities on power distribution networks in Lagos State, Nigeria causes frequent power outages, equipment degradation, and substantial economic losses through electrocution, nesting, contamination, and interference with conductors and poles. This paper presents the development of a cost-effective, solar-powered, firmware-controlled audible bird repeller system designed to clear the overhead power corridor. The system architecture integrates a Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor for motion detection, an ATmega328P microcontroller, a 12 VDC wailing siren for auditory deterrence, and an MG995 servo-driven moving bar for physical displacement. Off-grid energy sustainability is achieved using an 18 V, 20 W solar panel, a 12 V 7 Ah rechargeable battery, an LM2596 DC-DC buck converter for optimal charge regulation, and a transistor-driven forced-air cooling system for thermal management. Following schematic capture and validation in Proteus software, the system was fabricated on custom Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) and field-tested. Simulation results confirmed precise circuit triggering, establishing a 10.0 VDC output to the alarm loop upon sensor activation. Field evaluations verified that the device reliably detects avian targets within a 7-meter range at a 120° viewing angle, initiating synchronized auditory and mechanical deterrence for approximately 20 seconds per detection cycle. Empirical field testing on both ground levels and active utility poles demonstrated the effectiveness of the device. This sensor-driven, automated alternative to traditional mechanical fixtures offers a scalable solution to minimise avian-induced outages and improve supply reliability in tropical urban distribution networks.
subject: Engineering
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creator: Samson Agboibon Akanni
creator: ADEGOKE OLADIPO MELODI
creator: THOMAS OLABODE ALE
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-07-18
publication date: 2026-07-18
starting page: 190
ending page: 196
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.829

AEROMAGNETIC SPECTRAL INVESTIGATION OF SUBSURFACE THERMAL STRUCTURE FOR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY EVALUATION IN YOLA ARM, UPPER BENUE TROUGH, NIGERIA
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description: Geothermal resources are increasingly recognized as a reliable and sustainable energy option for Nigeria. Despite previous investigations, a detailed characterization of subsurface thermal conditions, particularly within structurally complex basins such as the Upper Benue Trough, is required. This research investigates the potential for geothermal energy in Yola Arm by using spectral analysis of high-resolution aeromagnetic data. Six aeromagnetic sheets from the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency were processed with Oasis Montaj 8.4. The Magnetic data were corrected for low-latitude effects through Reduction to the Magnetic Equator, followed by separation of regional and residual components to isolate shallow anomalies. The residual data were partitioned into 28 overlapping segments for spectral analysis. Radially averaged power spectrum analysis was applied to evaluate Curie point depth (CPD), geothermal gradient, and heat flow. The results indicate that CPD varies between approximately 14 km and 26 km. Corresponding geothermal gradients range from about 22 to 39 °C/km, while heat flow values fall within 56 mW/m² and approximately 100 mW/m². Zones characterized by relatively shallow CPD exhibit higher thermal gradients and enhanced heat flow, suggesting favourable geothermal conditions. Conversely, deeper CPD zones are associated with lower thermal regimes. Spatial distribution patterns indicate that the southeastern portion of the area under study possesses a potential for geothermal energy
subject: Earth Sciences
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creator: Lucky Peter Kenda
creator: Adetola Sunday Oniku
creator: Bello Yusuf Idi
creator: Yohanna Andarawus
creator: Sebastian Abraham Sunu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-05-19
publication date: 2026-05-19
starting page: 104
ending page: 112
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.817

ASSESSMENT OF ODONATA COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND SPECIES DIVERSITY ACROSS TWO COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA
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description: Odonata are globally recognized bioindicators of freshwater ecosystem health. This study examined their species composition, distribution, abundance, and diversity across two ecologically distinct coastal sites in Lagos State namely: Badagry and Ojo. The study also assessed the physicochemical properties of associated water bodies to determine how environmental conditions influence odonate assemblages. A nine-month field survey was conducted across multiple sampling locations in Badagry and Ojo, with systematic collection and identification of Odonata specimens to species level. A total of 1,335 Odonata individuals representing 35 species from two families (Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae) were recorded. Species distribution exhibited marked spatial heterogeneity, with 11 species found exclusively in Badagry and never recorded in Ojo. Diplacodeslefebvri demonstrated strong habitat specificity, with all 64 individuals (8.25 % relative abundance) collected solely from one sampling point (Opposite Lasu foundation, Topo, Badagry). Similarly, Brachythemisleucostica (38 individuals) was found exclusively at the Nigerian French Language Village. Regional distributional asymmetry was also evident, with Orthetrumjulia (n=34) and Chalcostrephiaflavirons (n=27) showing higher abundance in Ojo, while Trithemisstrictica was completely absent from this location. Taxa diversity varied significantly across sites, ranging from 12 individuals at Gberefu Island and Opposite General Hospital to 98 at Nigeria French Village. These findings provide a valuable biodiversity baseline for Lagos State's freshwater ecosystems and emphasize the need for site-specific conservation strategies to protect ecologically sensitive odonate communities across the Lagos coastal wetland mosaic.
subject: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
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creator: Kafayat Oluwakemi Ajelara
creator: Azeezat Oyindamola Alafia
creator: Zainab Omowunmi Abdulrahman-Giwa
creator: Viyon Oluwaseun Gbededo
creator: Kehinde Abike Kemabonta
creator: Slyvester Ogbogu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-05-07
publication date: 2026-05-07
starting page: 54
ending page: 63
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.812

LOCAL HABITAT CONDITIONS DRIVE MORPHOMETRIC VARIATIONS, BUT NOT SPATIAL PATTERNS OF Anopheles MOSQUITOES IN NORTH-CENTRAL, NIGERIA
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description: Morphological traits of species have been used to distinguish variations within and among closely related mosquito species, to understand how phenotypic adaptations can influence malaria transmission dynamics. Here, we investigated the morphometric variations of Anopheles larvae collected from diverse aquatic habitats. Mosquito larvae were reared to adulthood under controlled conditions, and external morphological parameters (i.e., antenna, palp, proboscis, thorax, abdomen, wing, femur, tibia, and tarsus) were measured using a calibrated dissecting microscope. Data were analysed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by DuncanMultiple Range Test (DMRT), with test of significance at P <0.05. We found significant interspecific differences (P <0.001) in most morphometric traits among mosquito species, with An. coustani consistently showed the largest body measurements, while An. gambiae showed the smallest dimensions. Despite differences in morphometric traits among mosquito species, we found little evidence to suggest that mosquito species varied in their spatial occurrence dynamics across the two LGAs, indicating an influence of local habitat conditions on certain phenotypic traits of mosquito species, but not their occurrence patterns. In the context of global change, there is an urgent need to continue investigating how local environmental conditions directly or indirectly impact vector-borne insects, considering morphological traits that are key to species’ fitness and disease transmission ability.
subject: Environmental Sciences
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creator: Victoria Adamu Pam
creator: Victor Adejoh
creator: Akwashiki Ombugadu
creator: Maikenti James
creator: Ashigar Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-04-27
publication date: 2026-04-27
starting page: 18
ending page: 21
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10.n2.805

SOLVING OF VOLTERRA INTEGRO-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OFTHE SECOND KIND USING BLOCK HYBRID METHOD
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description: This study presented a Block Hybrid Method (BHM) for numerical integration of linear and nonlinear Volterra Integro-Differential Equations (VIDEs) of the second kind. The BHM was derived using the linear multistep method with the Linear Block Algorithm (LBA) to obtain a new block algorithm and its higher derivatives. Numerically, the analysis of the basic properties of the BHM was studied and found to be of uniform order seven, consistency, zerostability, and convergence, with an A-stable region of absolute stability. The numerical simulation of BHM was carried out by integrating the BHM on linear and nonlinear Volterra integro-differential equations of second kind. The results obtained were compared with existing methods and presented in tables and graphically shown. The numerical comparisons show that the BHM produces highly accurate approximations and minimize the truncation error over the existing methods. The study shows that the BHM is efficient, stable and suitable for solving Volterra integro-differential equations of the second kind.
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: Ezekiel Olaoluwa OMOLE
creator: Taiwo Stephen Fayose
creator: Folasade Helen Odeniyan-Fakuade
creator: Bamikole Gbenga Ogunware
creator: Olanrewaju Thomas Olotu
creator: Taiwo Aanu Ogunlusi
creator: Taiwo Eniola Fayode
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 154
ending page: 164
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.796

DYNAMICS OF FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM OF HYDROMAGNETICMAXWELL FLUID OVER A SPINNING DISK WITH MARANGONI EFFECTS
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description: Investigating the flow of non-Newtonian fluids influenced by a magnetic field is important to improve current thermal systems through different technologies. Typical of these applications can be found in polymer processing devices, rotating equipment, microfluidic devices, and cooling mechanisms. The goal of this paper is to investigate the dynamics of flows and heat-mass transfer mechanism of hydromagnetic Maxwell fluids over a rotating disk featuring Marangoni convection, thermal radiation, and bioconvection effects. The initially developed model equations are restructured into ordinary differential equations and solved numerically by shooting and Runge-Kutta Felhberg method. The findings which are reported through various graphs indicate that there is a decline in the velocity field with increasing fluid material parameter and porous medium resistance, whereas the temperature field intensifies in the with magnification of thermophoresis, thermal radiation, and Brownian motion terms. Furthermore, the viscoelastic nature of the Maxwell nanofluid enhances resistance to deformation, thereby reducing momentum transport and providing a mechanism for regulating fluid elasticity and improving heat transfer along the disk surface.
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: Ephesus Fatunmbi
creator: Olusegun A. Olaiju
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
starting page: 29
ending page: 38
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.785

QUEUING ANALYSIS OF PATIENT FLOW IN THE OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT OFFEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, KEFFI: AN M/M/C MODEL APPROACH
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description: Public hospitals in developing nations, including Nigeria, face problems with their outpatient departments due to extended patient waiting time. This research applies queuing theory to analyse patient flow through the Outpatient Department (OPD) of the Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, using observational data. Patient arrivals and consultation times were modelled as an M/M/c queuing system with varying numbers of doctor servers. Key performance measures estimated include average queue length, average waiting time in the queue, average number in the system, average time in the system, and system utilization. Goodness-of-fit tests were conducted to validate the model assumptions. The results showed that both inter-arrival and service times follow an exponential distribution, confirming the suitability of the M/M/c framework. The findings indicate that the OPD system is unstable when operated with one or two doctors, leading to long queues and waiting times. With three doctors, the system operates at critical capacity and remains sensitive to fluctuations in patient arrivals. The introduction of a fourth doctor results in system improvement, reducing the average queue length to 1.53 patients and the average waiting time to 5 minutes, while lowering system utilization to 0.75. Graphical analysis confirms reductions in the number of patients in the system and total system time under the four-doctor configuration, indicating a smoother and more efficient patient flow. The study demonstrates that staffing is crucial for reducing outpatient waiting times and improving service delivery. It provides evidence that M/M/c queuing models can support hospital managers in optimizing healthcare services in resource-constrained environments.
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: MUSTAFA B. ABUBAKAR
creator: Ibrahim Musa Saleh
creator: S. A. Yusuf
creator: I. Akeyede
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 113
ending page: 121
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.780

EVALUATION OF IMPROVED SOYBEAN (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) GENOTYPES TREATED WITH IRON NANOPARTICLES
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description: Soybean distribution in Nigeria is predominantly found in the northern and central regions of the country, where the climatic and soil conditions are favorable for its cultivation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the improved soybean genotypes exposed to Iron Nanoparticles (FeNPs). The study was carried out at the research and experimental plots of the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal University of Lafia, in the Guinea Savanna zones of North Central Nigeria, from July to November 2024. The collected improved and local soybean genotypes were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with each of the genotype having three replications. The result revealed significant differences among the varieties and treatments for agronomic traits. Germination count was insignificant across genotypes, with values ranging from 1.33 SC SIGNAL (V4T0) to 4.00 TGx2016-6ExCIMARONA (V3T1). Maximum mean number of branches were recorded with FeNPs treatment 2 in TGx2024-7E (V10T0) and TGx1740-2F-2I (V2T0), with 13.00 and 12.67, respectively; with the least value of 5.67 recorded in SC SIGNAL (V4T1). The varieties TGx2020-4e (V5T1) and S1252-5-227 (V8T0) are recommended for cultivation in the study area.
subject: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
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creator: Hauwa Ahmad Kana
creator: Godwin Omame Ogah
creator: Adama Ababarabi Umar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-05-12
publication date: 2026-05-12
starting page: 79
ending page: 83
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.777

PERTURBED CHEBYSHEV-FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD FOR SOLVINGTHIRD-ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
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description: Ordinary differential equations are crucial in modeling complex phenomena in fluid mechanics, structural engineering, and damping systems. However, obtaining analytical solutions remains challenging due to inherent nonlinearities and intricate boundary conditions. This paper proposes a Perturbed Chebyshev Finite Difference Method (PCFDM) specifically designed to solve third-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The proposed framework integrates Chebyshev basis polynomials with a Legendre-based perturbation terms to enhance the approximation space and minimize truncation errors. Numerical experiments on third-order boundary value problems associated with draining and coating flows reveal that the PCFDM significantly outperforms conventional finite difference method (FDM) in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. The results confirm that the integration of orthogonal polynomial and perturbation provides a flexible and reliable approach for solving high-order differential equations.
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: Vanenchii Peter Ayoo
creator: Esther Ngozi Enemoh
creator: Olusola Collins Akeremale
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
starting page: 44
ending page: 53
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.775

CHARACTERIZATION AND MINERALOGICAL STUDIES OF AKIRI COPPER ORE IN AWE LGA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA USING ED-XRF, XRD AND SEM-EDS
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description: This study used ED-XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDS to evaluate the thorough characterization and mineralogical studies of Akiri copper ore in Awe LGA, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The ore's exceptional grindability and flotation behavior are suggested by its physical properties, which include bulk density of 3.58 g/cm3, compression test of 1.24 %, and hardness of 96.0N. For efficient copper recovery, the property might be investigated for leaching and solvent extraction. Over-size fractions above 250 μm were found in the +0-90, +125-90 μm, and +125-180 μm particle size analyses. According to the ED-XRF data, the raw copper ore's elemental composition was 2.711±0.003 %, with Loss on Ignition (LOI) at 3.11±0.750 %, moisture content (bMC) at 1.31±0.40 %, and a pH of 6.84±1.90, all of which were within the typical cutoff grades for copper mining. Pyrite (FeS2), Quartz (SiO2), and Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) were detected by XRD examination. The ore matrix contains 2.53 % copper as verified by SEM-EDS. These results imply that the ore may be used for mineral processing and extraction.
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: Amos Idzi Ambo
creator: S. P. I. Ogah
creator: Taofeek Abdulrafiu
creator: Shekwonyadu Iyakwari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-06-29
publication date: 2026-06-29
starting page: 141
ending page: 146
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.764

INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF AN ECO-FRIENDLY, COST-EFFECTIVE STARTER FOR SUSTAINABLE CHARCOALBRIQUETTE PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
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description: The demand for sustainable energy solutions has led to the development of eco-friendly charcoal briquettes. This study focuses on the design, development, and evaluation of a cost-effective starter for charcoal briquettes in Nigeria. The starter is formulated using locally available materials to enhance ignition efficiency while minimizing environmental impact. Performance assessments, including combustion efficiency, ignition time, and emissions analysis, were conducted to validate its effectiveness. Results indicate that the developed starter significantly reduces ignition time and smoke emissions compared to conventional methods, making it a viable alternative for sustainable energy applications.
subject: Environmental Sciences
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creator: Emmanuel H. Kwon-Ndung
creator: Terna Paul
creator: Ogiri A
creator: Dakyes U
creator: Fadayomi V. O.
creator: Sani R. O.
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 22
ending page: 28
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10.n2.768

BACTERIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER FROM TANKS IN VARIOUS LABORATORIES OF FEDERAL UNIVERSITY DUTSIN-MA, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
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description: Water is essential in laboratories for conducting various activities. The lack of a steady supply of water has mandated the need to store water in tanks prior to usage; this poses a great risk that may interfere with authentic research outcomes. This study determined both the physicochemical and the bacteriological quality of water from tanks in various laboratories of Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria. A total of f 15 water samples were collected from 5 laboratories using sterile screw-capped 100ml capacity bottles. Some of the physicochemical parameters measured include: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids. The samples were serially diluted before inoculating unto the appropriate media. After 24 h of incubation, the colonies were gram stained and biochemically identified. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates were also conducted using the disc diffusion method. The pH of the water samples in all the laboratories was found to be (5.2-6.8), whereas the mean temperature was recorded at (29.7-30.1 oC). However, the electrical conductivity of the water samples fell below the limit (0.07-0.11). Based on colonial characteristics, gram reaction, and biochemical tests, the organisms isolated were confirmed to be Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. S. aureus. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be more sensitive to gentamicin, while E. coli proved to be more sensitive to ciprofloxacin. The results obtained in this research highlight the need for regular and proper monitoring of the water stored in tanks of the various laboratories.
subject: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
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creator: Nafisa Adamu Abduljalil
creator: Musa Kabo Abdulhalim
creator: Abdullahi Muhammad Sharif
creator: Lawal Babangida
creator: Shamsu Basiru
creator: Bello Aliyu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-07-18
publication date: 2026-07-18
starting page: 203
ending page: 208
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.744

UNEMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS AND MACROECONOMIC FACTORS IN NORTH-EASTERN NIGERIA: A PANEL COINTEGRATION AND CAUSALITY APPROACH
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description: Unemployment remains a major socio-economic challenge in North-Eastern Nigeria, with significant regional disparities. This study investigates the long-run and causal relationships between unemployment and key macroeconomic variables, including economic growth, inflation, government expenditure, foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade openness, using panel data from six North-Eastern states over the period 2000–2023. Panel unit root tests (LLC and IPS) indicate that all variables are integrated of order one, I(1). Pedroni and Kao panel cointegration tests confirm a stable long-run relationship between unemployment and macroeconomic factors at the 1 % significance level. Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality analysis reveals bidirectional causality between GDP growth and unemployment (p = 0.001), while inflation (p = 0.008), government expenditure (p = 0.016), FDI (p = 0.036), and trade openness (p = 0.061) exert unidirectional causality on unemployment. Descriptive analysis shows that the average unemployment rate across the region is 27.8 %, with Borno and Yobe states recording the highest levels above 35 %. These findings underscore the importance of macroeconomic stabilization policies, private-sector investment, and targeted employment interventions to reduce structural unemployment and enhance labor-market resilience in North-Eastern Nigeria.
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: Habiba Danjuma HABIBA
creator: IMAM AKEYEDE
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-05-12
publication date: 2026-05-12
starting page: 74
ending page: 78
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.747

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Cassia occidentalis WHOLE PLANTEXTRACT AGAINST MDR-Salmonella SPECIES
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description: ABSTRACT This study investigated the antibacterial activity of Cassia occidentalis (Coffee Senna) whole plant extracts against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella species isolates obtained from Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Zaria. The isolates were subjected to gram staining and biochemical screening, antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted on Mueller Hintons agar and the AMR status of the isolates was established. Phytoconstituents screening of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and phenolic compounds, with steroids detected only in the ethanolic extract. Antibacterial assays conducted using the agar well diffusion method showed concentration-dependent inhibition, with the ethanolic extract exhibiting stronger activity than the aqueous extract. The ethanolic extract produced zones of inhibition up to 40 mm at 300 mg/mL, while the aqueous extract reached 34 mm at the same concentration. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 9.38–18.75 mg/mL for the ethanolic extract and 18.75–37.5 mg/mL for the aqueous extract. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranged from 37.5–75 mg/mL. These results confirm the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of C. occidentalis, highlighting its potential as a source of novel antimicrobial agents. The findings support its ethnomedicinal use and suggest its possible application in developing alternative therapies for managing drug-resistant Salmonella infections.
subject: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
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creator: Nafisa Adamu Abduljalil
creator: Daniel Gambo
creator: Ummulkhair Yaqoob
creator: Ali Saleh
creator: Clement Oche Abah
creator: Ridwan Muhammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-06-26
publication date: 2026-06-26
starting page: 147
ending page: 153
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.742

FIXED POINTS OF A NONHOMOGENIOUS SECOND ORDER DIFFERENCEEQUATION OF ACCRETIVE TYPE IN HILBERT SPACES
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description: In this study, we establish the existence of a common fixed point in a nonhomogeneous second order difference equation of accretive type in Hilbert spaces. We used a contraction and rational inequality in Hilbert spaces to obtain our result and its uniqueness.
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: James T Pember
creator: Ibrahim Garba Bassi
creator: G. T. Gyegwe
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-05-20
publication date: 2026-05-20
starting page: 100
ending page: 103
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.740

GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TiO2NANOPARTICLES USING Lonchocarpus cyanescens
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description: This study describes the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles using green techniques with Lonchocarpus cyanescens extract as a sustainable, non-toxic, and cost-effective alternative to conventional chemical methods. The optical, functional, and morphological properties of the synthesized TiO₂ nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).The green-synthesized TiO₂ nanoparticles’ FTIR spectrum showed a prominent absorption band at 1024 cm–1, which corresponds to C–O stretching vibrations commonly found in alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, and ethers; additionally, peaks at 1024 and 493 cm–1 were attributed to Ti–O stretching and Ti–O–Ti bridging vibrations, respectively; the clear peak at 493 cm–1 verified the successful formation of TiO₂ nanoparticles. The optical band gap of the synthesised nanoparticles was examined using UV-Visible spectroscopy, demonstrating the efficacy of the green synthesis approach in developing optically active TiO₂ nanomaterials. The photo absorption characteristics of TiO₂ nanoparticles was analysed across a wavelength range of 200–800 nm. The results exhibited a prominent absorption peak at 225 nm with an absorbance below 1, confirming the successful synthesis of pure TiO₂ nanoparticles. The surface morphological studies of the TiO2 nanoparticles was carried out using (SEM) and it reveals that the synthesized TiO2 particles were in spherical in shape and aggregated into an irregular structure. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of TiO₂ nanoparticles indicates that the calculated average crystallite size for pure TiO₂ is around 12.9 nm.
subject: Environmental Sciences
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creator: Saidu Adamu
creator: Nasirudeen Muhammed Baba
creator: Timothy Akpomie
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-06-27
publication date: 2026-06-27
starting page: 122
ending page: 127
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.741

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF PRE-TREATMENT WITH GRANULATEDPLANTAIN PEEL ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM POULTRY WASTE
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description: The continued reliance on wood and fossil fuels has demonstrably negative environmental and economic consequences. These include significant contributions to carbon emissions and global warming, as well as economic instability driven by volatile energy markets, as evidenced by recent price surges in petroleum products in regions such as Nigeria. Thus, there is a pressing need to develop energy sources that are both protective and restorative to the environment. This study investigates the pre-treatment of poultry waste with granulated plantain peels (GPP) as a pre-treatment agent to enhance both the yield and quality of biogas. Conducted over 53 days using two laboratory-scale bio-digesters, one fed a mixture of poultry waste and GPP and a control bio-digester receiving only poultry waste, gas production was measured at five-day intervals. The pre-treated substrate yielded a cumulative 52,650.6 cm³ of biogas, a 140 % increase over the 21,928.6 cm³ from the untreated control. Flammability testing indicated an accelerated production onset, with biogas from the pre-treated mixture igniting from the first day and exhibiting appreciable methane content by days 3–4, whereas the control began production on day 3, with significant methane observed only by days 4–5. Furthermore, a compression test demonstrated the technical feasibility of storing the biogas, showing a minimal temperature increase of 0.19 °C per psi during pressurization.
subject: Engineering
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creator: VICTOR ADEPOJU
creator: Adewole Aderinlewo
creator: Oladimeji Azeez
creator: Peter Omotainse
creator: S Esezobor
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-05-19
publication date: 2026-05-19
starting page: 84
ending page: 90
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.733

MULTILEVEL COUNT REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTINGANTENATAL CARE VISITS IN NIGERIA
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description: Adequate antenatal care (ANC) is essential for maternal and neonatal health, yet utilization in Nigeria remains suboptimal. This study aimed to determine the factors influencing number of ANC visits using multilevel count data regression model. Data from 12,719 women in the 2024 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey data were analyzed. A multilevel Zero Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) model was selected over competing count models based on its superior ability to handle the data's over dispersion, substantial zero inflation (28 %) and clustered structure. Both count (frequency) and zero-inflation (non-visit) components were estimated.In the count component, higher maternal age (25–39: AIRR =1.053; 40-49: AIRR =1.073), maternal secondary (AIRR =1.069) and higher education (AIRR =1.113), husband’s secondary (AIRR =1.077) and higher education (AIRR =1.113), wealthier households (middle: AIRR =1.054; rich: AIRR =1.116), media exposure (AIRR =1.054), employment (AIRR = 1.035), insurance (AIRR =1.080), shorter distance to health facilities (AIRR =1.040), and prior pregnancy termination (AIRR =1.036) were associated with increased ANC visits. In the zero-inflation component, maternal and husband education (AORs =0.530–0.205), wealth (AOR middle =0.731; rich =0.355), employment (AOR =0.641) and shorter facility distance (AOR =0.763) reduced the likelihood of non-attendance, whereas higher parity (2-4: AOR =1.408; ≥5: AOR =1.614) and husband-dominated decision-making (AOR =1.297) increased it. ANC utilization is shaped by demographic, socioeconomic, educational, and access-related factors, with pronounced regional and parity disparities. Targeted interventions are needed to improve equitable ANC coverage.
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: Musa Ganaka Kubi
creator: Tobias Chukwudi Ossai
creator: E. O Ben
creator: Rilwan Bala Muhammad
creator: Y. B. Usman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-07-03
publication date: 2026-07-03
starting page: 174
ending page: 183
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.731

A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF STOCK PRICE MOVEMENTS AND VOLATILITY PATTERNS IN SELECTED NIGERIAN BANKS
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description: The banking sector plays a critical role in Nigeria’s financial system, and fluctuations in bank stock prices have significant implications for investors, regulators, and policymakers. This study examines the stock price movements and volatility patterns of selected Nigerian banks over the period 2014–2024. The banks studied are Fidelity Bank Plc, Stanbic IBTC Holdings Plc, United Bank for Africa (UBA) Plc, Wema Bank Plc, Zenith Bank Plc, and First City Monument Bank (FCMB) Plc. The objectives are to examine stock price behaviour and daily returns, identify volatility patterns, and assess the influence of short-term shocks and long-term trends on stock performance. A quantitative time-series research design was adopted using secondary data obtained from the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX). Daily stock price data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, logarithmic return analysis, volatility measures, and the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). DWT separated stock price movements into high-frequency and low-frequency components, enabling the analysis of both short-term market fluctuations and long-term trends. The results show that stock prices remained relatively stable between 2014 and 2019 but experienced heightened volatility during the pandemic. A strong recovery was observed from 2022 onward, particularly among Zenith Bank, UBA, and Fidelity Bank. The return series exhibited volatility clustering and occasional extreme price movements. Wavelet decomposition revealed that short-term shocks dominated during periods of market uncertainty, while long-term components reflected sustained growth and recovery trends. The study concludes that stock price behaviour in the Nigerian banking sector is influenced by both temporary market shocks and underlying structural factors.
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: Emmanuel Eneojo Daniel
creator: Musa Danjuma Shehu
creator: John Kolo Alhassan
creator: Abubakar Usman
creator: Staphanie Ojotule Uzong
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 165
ending page: 173
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.729

A HYBRID ENSEMBLE LEARNING APPROACH FOR ENTERPRISE NETWORK THREAT CLASSIFICATION
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description: The increased number of business networks has increased the traffic levels of the networks, which increases the susceptibility to advanced types of cyber-attacks such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS). The current intrusion detection systems have not had the capability to address the rising pattern attacks, therefore creating a need to employ the smart data models. The study presents a hybrid model design approach that combines the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, the Random Forest (RF) algorithm, and the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm. The experiment study is undertaken on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset platform that supports diverse benign and DDoS network attacks. Data processing corresponded to the normalization of data, data ranking through the Information Gain values, and the application of the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE). Each of the algorithms was individually created and evaluated through accuracy, precision, recall, F1 statistics, and AUC-ROC plots. It is clear from this study work that SVM performed best on its own with almost 99.92 % accuracy and Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.999 percent, outperforming RF and XG-Boost. The proposed hybrid ensemble model further enhanced these measures with 99.96 % accuracy with added strengths in terms of enhanced model generalization. This study work clearly establishes that the hybrid ensemble design of optimized traditional ML models performs efficiently and is scalable on real-time scales of enterprise network threats.
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: Emmanuel Magai Gambo
creator: Moses Timothy
creator: Mukhtar Liman Muhammad
creator: Ishaku Wreford Andrew
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-05-19
publication date: 2026-05-19
starting page: 91
ending page: 99
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.723

ASSESSMENT OF 30 YEARS LAND USE AND LAND COVERCHANGES OF DOMA NASARAWA STATE
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description: This study aimed at using remote sensing in assessing and identifying the land use and land cover change in Doma Local Government Area (LGA) of Nasarawa within the period of 30 years. The Landsat images, Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS and 4-5 TM, within an interval of 30 years from 1991 to 2023, were used to identify the land use. Supervised classification techniques and five broad classifications were used to classify land use changes. In 1991, dense forest (64888.66 ha) and moderate forest (99960.03 ha) dominated the land use. In 2023, the dense forest was completely lost, while the moderate forest was reduced significantly to 85903.38 ha (33.13 %). This represents significant negative changes in dense forest (-100 %) and moderate forest (-14.06 %). Change in area between the study periods shows a significant increase in built-up areas (9.83 %) and open land (643.9 %). This shows that the land use change was mainly driven by urbanisation, coupled with the resultant increased rate of land conversion for agriculture. Accuracy assessment for LULC classification for 1991 shows an overall accuracy of 86.30 % while that of 2023 was 73.40 %. This study indicates a significant loss of vegetation cover within this period, leading to the decimation of vegetation and calls for aggressive reforestation and urgent conservation practices to prevent continuous vegetation loss in Doma LGA.
subject: Agricultural and Biological Sciences
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creator: Suleiman Mustafa
creator: Saudat Ilyas
creator: Gbenga Akomolafe
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
starting page: 1
ending page: 5
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10.n2.721

MODELING CHOLERA DYNAMICS WITH VACCINATION AND ASYMPTOMATIC TRANSMISSION: A MATHEMATICAL FRAMEWORK FOR OUTBREAK CONTROL
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description: Cholera continues to be a serious problem in area where clean water and good sanitation are hard to find. This study presents a new mathematical model that includes two key aspects of cholera transmission that other studies ignored. These are: vaccination that loses effectiveness over time, and people with the disease, who spread it without showing symptoms (asymptomatic class), represented by A. The model divides the population into seven groups- the susceptible individuals (S) vaccinated individuals (V), asymptomatic infected (A), symptomatic infected (I), centered individuals (C), recovered individuals (R), and bacteria concentration in the water (B). We calculated the basic reproduction number (R0) and showed that when R0< 1, the disease will die out. Using data from recent outbreaks (2022-2024), simulations were run to compare different control strategies. Sanitation measures alone reduced total cases by 43.1 %, vaccination by 37.3 %, and treatment by 28.0 %. Combining vaccination with sanitation reduced cases by 69 %, showing these approaches work better together. It is shown from our analysis that human-to-human transmission rate (β1), environment- to-human transmission rate (β2), and vaccine effectiveness (σ) are the most important factors to control. These results support using combined vaccination and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programs to control cholera outbreaks.
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: Godwin Ma’aji
creator: Collins Emmanuel Akpan
creator: Moses Anayo Mbah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-02-11
publication date: 2026-02-11
starting page: 103
ending page: 109
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n1.720

A MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE DYNAMICS OF TYPHOID FEVER
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description: A comprehensive mathematical model of typhoid fever was developed to investigate the complex transmission dynamics of the disease, shedding light on the intricate relationships between various factors influencing its spread. The model assumes a replenished population through birth and leverages existing data to validate its accuracy, ensuring a reliable representation of the disease’s behavior. The primary objective of this modeling exercise is to inform and enhance strategies for preventing, controlling, and eradicating typhoid fever, ultimately leading to improved public health policy and a better quality of life. Through mathematical analysis, it was revealed that the basic reproductive number ????0 plays a crucial role in determining the global dynamics of the disease. ????0 is less than 1, the disease-free equilibrium is locally stable, indicating that the disease will eventually die out. Conversely, if ????0 exceeds 1, an endemic equilibrium exists, and the disease will persist at a stable level. A thorough sensitivity analysis of the model parameters was conducted, providing valuable insights into the impact of various factors on the spread of typhoid fever. This knowledge enables informed decision-making and effective disease management. The model was solved using the Runge-Kutta scheme of order four, with a 40-year time horizon, and implemented in MATLAB. This study showcases the potency of mathematical modeling in understanding the transmission dynamics of typhoid fever, enabling policymakers and healthcare professionals to develop evidence-based strategies for disease control and prevention.
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: Yalwa Mohammed Maaji
creator: Collins Emmanuel Akpan
creator: Atanyi Yusuf Emmanuel
creator: Akpan Emma Collins
creator: Abdulrasheed Itopa Salihu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-03-10
publication date: 2026-03-10
starting page: 148
ending page: 155
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n1.719

GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND FOUNDATION SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT:CASE STUDY OF GANDU, LAFIA, NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA
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description: This study presents an integrated geotechnical characterization of subsurface soils in Gandu, Lafia, north-central Nigeria, to evaluate their suitability for foundation support. Laboratory analysis (particle size distribution (PSD) and Atterberg limits) and in-situ test (standard penetration test (SPT)) were conducted on five (5) test pits (PT1-PT5). The PSD results show that the soils are predominantly fine-grained, with coefficients of uniformity (≈ 2.7–2.9) and curvature (≈ 0.8–0.9) suggesting uniformly graded fine soils and poor gradation. Atterberg limits analysis exhibited Liquid Limit (LL) of 28.7 – 35.0 %, Plastic Limit (PL) of 12.9 –24.8 %, and resultant plasticity indices (PI) of 7.7 – 22.1 %. Casagrande plasticity chart classification placed PT1 within the CL zone (clay of low plasticity) and PT2–PT5 in the ML–CL region (silty clay or clayey silt). The SPT N-values indicate an increase in stiffness with depth, signifying the effect of natural consolidation and overburden pressure. Soils with high PI exhibited lower penetration resistance, thereby establishing a clear relationship between plasticity and strength. Strong agreement was observed among PSD, Atterberg limits, and SPT results, which confirms the suitability of the combined index and in-situ testing for soil characterization and preliminary engineering assessment. Overall, the subsurface soils are characterized by moderate strength, low permeability, and moderate compressibility, making them suitable for lightly loaded structures with a well-designed foundation. However, if high-rise or heavier structures are desired, ground improvement or deep foundation systems may be required.
subject: Earth Sciences
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creator: Mustapha A Mohammed
creator: Nuhu Degree Umar
creator: Alegbe Taiye Sereami
creator: Adewumi Taiwo
creator: Abubakar Yusuf
creator: Sabiu Bala Muhammad
creator: Sirajo Abubakar
creator: Abubakar Abdulkadir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-01-04
publication date: 2026-01-04
starting page: 85
ending page: 90
doi: 10.62050/fjst2025.v10n1.706

EXTRACTION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL, AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOCELLULOSE FROM PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus) PEELS WITHPOTENTIAL FOR SUSTAINABLE PAPER APPLICATIONS
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description: The heavy reliance on wood-based pulp for paper production accelerates significant loss of biodiversity, deforestation, and increased greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable non-wood alternatives. In this study, nanocellulose was extracted from pineapple (Ananas comosus) peels, an abundant and underutilized agro-industrial waste, and comprehensively characterized to evaluate its physicochemical and structural properties. Cellulose was isolated from powdered pineapple peels through sequential alkaline delignification and bleaching, followed by acid hydrolysis to obtain nanocellulose. The resulting nanocellulose was characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), while key hydration-related parameters were measured. A cellulose-based nanocellulose yield of 7.5 % was obtained, corresponding to a biomass-based yield of 12.9 %, with a bulk density of 0.55 g/mL and a water retention capacity of 0.25 g/g. FTIR spectra confirmed effective removal of lignin and hemicellulose, SEM revealed nanoscale fibrillar morphology, and XRD showed an increase in crystallinity index from 67.09 % (bleached cellulose) to 69.40 % in nanocellulose, indicating an enhanced structural order. Overall, the findings demonstrate that pineapple peel-derived nanocellulose exhibits desirable physicochemical and morphological characteristics suitable for sustainable paper applications. The observed structural features and hydration behavior suggest that pineapple peel-derived nanocellulose has characteristics that may be favorable for cellulose-based material development, supporting its potential use in sustainable paper-related applications.
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: Enebi Jasper
creator: Abigail Isoje
creator: Yvonne Marshall-Enudi
creator: Clare Chigbufe
creator: Bright Agwogie
creator: Adeiza Omeiza
creator: Oteiva Frank
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-02-11
publication date: 2026-02-11
starting page: 117
ending page: 124
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n1.715

BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM CO-DIGESTION OF RICE HUSK, CASSAVA PEEL, ANDPOTATO PEEL IN LAFIA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
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description: 0.5 kg of agricultural waste samples (cassava peel and rice husk, CP/RH; rice husk and potatoes peel, RH/PP; and potatoes peel and cassava peel, PP/CP) were mixed in a ratio of 1:1 and co-digested in 5 L capacity of fabricated digester. Experiment was carried out for a period of 7 weeks at room temperature and evaluated for mineral content in the undigested and digested waste materials, biogas generation, and proximate compositions. The mineral compositions of the undigested and digested waste samples after Flame Photometry and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) show that the digested samples contain a higher concentration. The elemental concentrations of the waste samples ranged from 0.5532 mg/g of Sodium in undigested RH to 18.2412 mg/g in the digested sample of CP. The weekly cumulative generation of biogas after 7 weeks at a room temperature range of 29 – 34 °C shows that the PP/CP has the highest yield of 18.81 mL/g VS, followed by the RH/PP 16.79 mL/g VS, and the CP/RH sample 15.40 mL/g VS, respectively. The volume of the biogas generated for CP/RH, RH/PP, and PP/CP samples decreases at week 7 from 2.76 mL/g VS to 2.49 mL/g VS, 2.92 mL/g VS to 2.76 mL/g VS, and 3.44 mL/g VS to 3.23 mL/g VS. The proximate composition of the waste shows that rice husk had the highest percentage of volatile solids (19 %), ash, and crude protein (6.91 %), potatoes peel had highest moisture content (54 %), while RH had the highest C/N ratio of 82:1
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: Mohammed Alhaji MOHAMMED
creator: Matthew Olaleke Aremu
creator: Muhammad Ibrahim Hamza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
starting page: 39
ending page: 43
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n2.714

COMPUTATION OF DISTANCE-BASED TOPOLOGICAL INDICES FOR THREE CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
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description: Topological indices are numerical descriptors derived from molecular graphs that correlate with the physicochemical and biological properties of chemical compounds. One of the fundamental problems in chemical graph theory is the enumeration of molecular structures with specific properties, such as a certain number of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, or a particular molecular formula. This problem is crucial in fields like drug discovery, materials science, and organic chemistry. In this work, we compute the Hosoya polynomial and derive the Wiener and hyper-Wiener indices for the molecular graphs of three drugs used in treating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs): Eliquis, Vericiguat, and Metoprolol. The molecular graphs of the selected drugs were constructed based on their chemical structures. Using the framework of chemical graph theory, the standard formulas was applied to calculate the Wiener index, Hosoya polynomial, and hyper-Wiener index for each graph.The computed Wiener indices are 1830.5 for Eliquis, 967.5 for Vericiguat, and 382.5 for Metoprolol. The corresponding Hosoya polynomials and hyper-Wiener indices were also determined.
subject: Physical Sciences
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creator: Hassan Ibrahim
creator: Isaac Christopher Osabo
creator: Collins E. Akpan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
date: 2026-02-02
publication date: 2026-02-02
starting page: 91
ending page: 94
doi: 10.62050/fjst2026.v10n1.712