FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
FULAFIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (FJST) is an International Journal published by the Federal University of Lafia. It is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes papers in two issues per volume, that is March and September. It contributes immensely to all areas of Agricultural, Biological, Earth, Engineering, Environmental, Natural, and Physical Sciences. ISSN-online: 2636-4972 ISSN-print: 2449-0954
Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
MODELING CHOLERA DYNAMICS WITH VACCINATION AND ASYMPTOMATIC TRANSMISSION: A MATHEMATICAL FRAMEWORK FOR OUTBREAK CONTROL
Cholera continues to be a serious problem in area where clean water and good sanitation are hard to find. This study presents a new mathematical model that includes two key aspects of cholera transmission that other studies ignored. These are: vaccination that loses effectiveness over time, and people with the disease, who spread it without showing symptoms (asymptomatic class), represented by A. The model divides the population into seven groups- the susceptible individuals (S) vaccinated individuals (V), asymptomatic infected (A), symptomatic infected (I), centered individuals (C), recovered individuals (R), and bacteria concentration in the water (B). We calculated the basic reproduction number (R0) and showed that when R0< 1, the disease will die out. Using data from recent outbreaks (2022-2024), simulations were run to compare different control strategies. Sanitation measures alone reduced total cases by 43.1 %, vaccination by 37.3 %, and treatment by 28.0 %. Combining vaccination with sanitation reduced cases by 69 %, showing these approaches work better together. It is shown from our analysis that human-to-human transmission rate (β1), environment- to-human transmission rate (β2), and vaccine effectiveness (σ) are the most important factors to control. These results support using combined vaccination and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programs to control cholera outbreaks.
Copyright (c) 2026 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
A MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE DYNAMICS OF TYPHOID FEVER
A comprehensive mathematical model of typhoid fever was developed to investigate the complex transmission dynamics of the disease, shedding light on the intricate relationships between various factors influencing its spread. The model assumes a replenished population through birth and leverages existing data to validate its accuracy, ensuring a reliable representation of the disease’s behavior. The primary objective of this modeling exercise is to inform and enhance strategies for preventing, controlling, and eradicating typhoid fever, ultimately leading to improved public health policy and a better quality of life. Through mathematical analysis, it was revealed that the basic reproductive number ????0 plays a crucial role in determining the global dynamics of the disease. ????0 is less than 1, the disease-free equilibrium is locally stable, indicating that the disease will eventually die out. Conversely, if ????0 exceeds 1, an endemic equilibrium exists, and the disease will persist at a stable level. A thorough sensitivity analysis of the model parameters was conducted, providing valuable insights into the impact of various factors on the spread of typhoid fever. This knowledge enables informed decision-making and effective disease management. The model was solved using the Runge-Kutta scheme of order four, with a 40-year time horizon, and implemented in MATLAB. This study showcases the potency of mathematical modeling in understanding the transmission dynamics of typhoid fever, enabling policymakers and healthcare professionals to develop evidence-based strategies for disease control and prevention.
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND FOUNDATION SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT:CASE STUDY OF GANDU, LAFIA, NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA
This study presents an integrated geotechnical characterization of subsurface soils in Gandu, Lafia, north-central Nigeria, to evaluate their suitability for foundation support. Laboratory analysis (particle size distribution (PSD) and Atterberg limits) and in-situ test (standard penetration test (SPT)) were conducted on five (5) test pits (PT1-PT5). The PSD results show that the soils are predominantly fine-grained, with coefficients of uniformity (≈ 2.7–2.9) and curvature (≈ 0.8–0.9) suggesting uniformly graded fine soils and poor gradation. Atterberg limits analysis exhibited Liquid Limit (LL) of 28.7 – 35.0 %, Plastic Limit (PL) of 12.9 –24.8 %, and resultant plasticity indices (PI) of 7.7 – 22.1 %. Casagrande plasticity chart classification placed PT1 within the CL zone (clay of low plasticity) and PT2–PT5 in the ML–CL region (silty clay or clayey silt). The SPT N-values indicate an increase in stiffness with depth, signifying the effect of natural consolidation and overburden pressure. Soils with high PI exhibited lower penetration resistance, thereby establishing a clear relationship between plasticity and strength. Strong agreement was observed among PSD, Atterberg limits, and SPT results, which confirms the suitability of the combined index and in-situ testing for soil characterization and preliminary engineering assessment. Overall, the subsurface soils are characterized by moderate strength, low permeability, and moderate compressibility, making them suitable for lightly loaded structures with a well-designed foundation. However, if high-rise or heavier structures are desired, ground improvement or deep foundation systems may be required.
EXTRACTION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL, AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOCELLULOSE FROM PINEAPPLE (Ananas comosus) PEELS WITHPOTENTIAL FOR SUSTAINABLE PAPER APPLICATIONS
The heavy reliance on wood-based pulp for paper production accelerates significant loss of biodiversity, deforestation, and increased greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable non-wood alternatives. In this study, nanocellulose was extracted from pineapple (Ananas comosus) peels, an abundant and underutilized agro-industrial waste, and comprehensively characterized to evaluate its physicochemical and structural properties. Cellulose was isolated from powdered pineapple peels through sequential alkaline delignification and bleaching, followed by acid hydrolysis to obtain nanocellulose. The resulting nanocellulose was characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), while key hydration-related parameters were measured. A cellulose-based nanocellulose yield of 7.5 % was obtained, corresponding to a biomass-based yield of 12.9 %, with a bulk density of 0.55 g/mL and a water retention capacity of 0.25 g/g. FTIR spectra confirmed effective removal of lignin and hemicellulose, SEM revealed nanoscale fibrillar morphology, and XRD showed an increase in crystallinity index from 67.09 % (bleached cellulose) to 69.40 % in nanocellulose, indicating an enhanced structural order. Overall, the findings demonstrate that pineapple peel-derived nanocellulose exhibits desirable physicochemical and morphological characteristics suitable for sustainable paper applications. The observed structural features and hydration behavior suggest that pineapple peel-derived nanocellulose has characteristics that may be favorable for cellulose-based material development, supporting its potential use in sustainable paper-related applications.
COMPUTATION OF DISTANCE-BASED TOPOLOGICAL INDICES FOR THREE CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
Topological indices are numerical descriptors derived from molecular graphs that correlate with the physicochemical and biological properties of chemical compounds. One of the fundamental problems in chemical graph theory is the enumeration of molecular structures with specific properties, such as a certain number of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, or a particular molecular formula. This problem is crucial in fields like drug discovery, materials science, and organic chemistry. In this work, we compute the Hosoya polynomial and derive the Wiener and hyper-Wiener indices for the molecular graphs of three drugs used in treating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs): Eliquis, Vericiguat, and Metoprolol. The molecular graphs of the selected drugs were constructed based on their chemical structures. Using the framework of chemical graph theory, the standard formulas was applied to calculate the Wiener index, Hosoya polynomial, and hyper-Wiener index for each graph.The computed Wiener indices are 1830.5 for Eliquis, 967.5 for Vericiguat, and 382.5 for Metoprolol. The corresponding Hosoya polynomials and hyper-Wiener indices were also determined.
DISTANCE-BASED TOPOLOGICAL INDICES OF THE MOLECULARSTRUCTURE OF SOME DRUGS FOR TREATING CANCER PATIENTS
Topological descriptors are key tools for analyzing the intrinsic properties of chemical graphs and nanostructures, capturing molecular symmetry through graph invariants such as vertex degree, distance, and spectrum. This study investigates vertex-distance-based indices, namely: the Wiener and Hosoya indices, for selected anticancer drugs. Using linear regression models, the indices were correlated with the drugs’ physicochemical and biological properties through a Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship (QSPR) analysis, providing insight into their linear relationships and potential applications in drug design.
DETERMINATION OF TRAITS ASSOCIATION AND CONTRIBUTION AMONG AGRONOMIC AND SEED OIL TRAITS OF SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) GENOTYPES EVALUATED IN LAFIA METROPOLIS, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Sesame is an important oilseed crop in tropical and subtropical regions; however, its productivity in Nigeria remains low due to the limited availability of improved, high-yielding varieties. The lack of comprehensive information on genetic variability for both agronomic and quality traits hinders effective selection and breeding strategies. Therefore, this study evaluated genetic variability and trait association among agronomic and seed oil-related traits in sesame genotypes to identify selection criteria for yield and quality improvement. Twenty sesame genotypes were evaluated in Lafia LGA of Nasarawa, Nigeria using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were collected on agronomic traits, including plant height, number of capsules, number of seeds per capsule and dry seeds weight, as well as seed quality traits such as moisture content, ash content, crude proteins and percentage fat. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for most traits. Principal component (PC1) explained 40% of the variation followed by principal component (PC2) explained 15% of the variation. Dry seed weight contributes indirectly through PC3 (33%) while percentage moisture content through PC4 contributes 12%. Traits such as number of capsules, plant height, and 1000 seed weight contributed significantly to PC1, making them ideal for yield-based selection. Number of capsules per plant, a key yield determinant, showed a positive correlation with crude protein (r=0.36) and fat content (r=0.29). This paper provided useful genotypes which would be serving parents. These parental genotypes could be used in sesame breeding program to develop desirable varieties in Nigeria.
AN INTELLIGENT FEATURE-OPTIMIZED FRAMEWORK FOR DDoSATTACK DETECTION USING SVM and XGBOOST
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks remain a serious issue for network security, especially within cloud systems that rely on shared and scalable resources. In such settings, attackers can easily use large groups of compromised devices to flood targets with traffic, making genuine access almost impossible. Traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS) that rely on fixed signatures or manually defined rules often fail to keep up, since new and fast-changing attacks rarely fit known patterns. To improve detection, this research applied a machine learning–based approach that combines Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models, supported by the Fisher Score Algorithm (FSA) for feature selection. The well-known CIC-DDoS2019 dataset from Kaggle was used because it includes both modern DDoS attacks and regular network traffic, giving a practical base for testing the models. Our workflow followed three stages: first, cleaning and preparing the data; second, selecting key features using FSA; and finally, training and evaluating the classifiers. We measured performance with accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and the Area Under the Curve (AUC). XGBoost achieved the highest results of 97 % accuracy and an AUC of 0.99, while SVM‟s accuracy fell to 65 % after feature reduction, despite a small AUC gain to 0.65. The results of this study demonstrate that combining machine learning models of XGBoost with FSA significantly improves the detection of DDoS attacks in cloud environments. This highlights its potential for superior performance over traditional IDS methods.
Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS)
EFFECT OF TRADITIONAL PROCESSING METHODS ON THE LIPID PROFILES OF SELECTED FISH SPECIES FROM DOMA RIVER, NASARAWA STATE
Fish is a vital source of high-quality protein and essential nutrients, but traditional processing methods can significantly influence its lipid composition and nutritional value. This study aims to evaluate the effect of smoking, sun-drying and salting-oven dry on the fatty acid and phospholipid compositions of selected three fish species Hyperopisus bebe, Hepsetus odoe and Clarias gariepinus from the Doma River. The sun-drying process lasted eight days under ambient sunlight (8 a.m. – 5 p.m.), smoking was conducted using hardwood-fired ovens at temperatures above 70 °C for two consecutive days, while salting involved preservation in a 1:4 salt-to-fish ratio prior to oven drying. Processed samples were ground into fine powder and analyzed. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and phospholipids were analyzed using gas chromatography. The results revealed notable differences across processing techniques. Smoked samples retained higher levels of PUFA, particularly essential fatty acids such as DHA and EPA. Phosphatidylcholine was the most abundant phospholipid detected, with smoking maintaining higher overall phospholipid integrity compared to drying and sun-drying. Among the fatty acids, smoking yielded the highest PUFA/SFA ratio (32.25 %) indicating better nutritional quality. In conclusion, smoking appears to be the most effective method for preserving health-beneficial lipids in fish from the Doma River.
PREVALENCE OF CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT AND METALLO-BETA-LACTAMASES PRODUCING GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES IN NIGERIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Carbapenem is a class of antimicrobial agent reserved for infections cause by multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This review, using a public health focused approach, aimed to understand and describe the current status of CR in Nigeria in relation to common causes of infections and drugs recommended in WHO treatment guidelines. Assessment of the prevalence of Carbapenemase-resistance Gram-negative bacteria is necessary in Nigeria. This article reviewed the previously published literature on the Prevalence of Carbapenemase-resistance Gram-negative bacteria. There were 100 % isolation of Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp. Citrobacter spp., Proteus spp., Serratia spp., Enterobacter spp., Morganella morganii, Providenciae spp. and Acinetobacter baumanii in all the studies reviewed. Veronna integrin-encoded, New Delhi methallo, New Delhi methallo-1, New Delhi methallo-5, Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase, Guiana extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, Oxacillinases-48, Oxacillinases-181, Dhahran Hospital in Saudi Arabia b-lactamase were some of resistance mediated genes observed in some of studies in Nigeria. Exhaustive search for recent articles (2011–2024) was conducted using PubMed, Google search engine, AJOL and other relevant databases in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Article retrieval and screening were done using a structured search string and strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. Carbapenem-resistant in Gram-negative bacteria is a clear and present danger in Nigeria, which needs strong surveillance to curb this menace. Public health departments must monitor carbapenem resistant isolates.
INFLUENCE OF HEAVY METALS ON THE GROWTH OF TWO COMMON WEEDSHyptis suaveolens AND Sida acuta IN LAFIA, NASARAWA STATE
An assessment of the influence of heavy metals on the growth of two common weeds Hyptis suaveolens and Sida acuta in soils of polluted areas and an unpolluted soil (control) in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria was carried out. Soil samples were collected in three replicates from an automobile workshop site (AWS), refuse dump site (RDS), and unpolluted soil (UPS) in Lafia. The growth of each plant was monitored in an interval of two weeks for a period of 8 weeks. The heavy metals investigated in the soil include Cu, Pb and Zn using digestion process and atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The heavy metal analysis revealed that AWS recorded highest concentration (0.71 mg/kg) while UPS recorded the least concentration of Pb (0.28 mg/kg) respectively. RDS had the highest concentration of Cu (0.61 mg/kg), while UPS had the highest concentration of Zn (0.19 mg/kg). It was observed that Hyptis suaveolens grew better on RDS and the growth parameters were seen to be significantly different from AWS and UPS. The AWS recorded least growth parameters which is likely due to the high level of metal concentration in the soil. Similarly, Sida acuta grew better on RDS and the least in AWS. The use of weeds which are not consumed by humans and animals should be encouraged in phytoremediation in order to prevent the effects of waste-related problems in the environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
LIVELIHOOD SUSTAINABILITY AND LAND DEGRADATION: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF CHARCOAL TRADE IN YEWA DIVISION, OGUN STATE
Charcoal merchandise is a thriving business in Yewa Division of Ogun State. Despite the livelihood support from charcoal trading, significant negative impacts on land and environment have been widely reported. There is the need to balance economic gains and land degradation. A survey of purposively sampled five hundred charcoal stakeholders was conducted through the use of well-structured questionnaire and interviews. Data were collected on socio-economic characteristics, perceptions on livelihoods and land degradation. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, logistic and ordinal regression analyses. The study found that 56% of the respondents were male and 55% were married. Most of the respondents (63%) had secondary level education, involved as producers (60%), and earning income of between ₦50,000 and ₦120,000 monthly (48%) from charcoal activities. The research revealed that marital status (χ22,498 = 7.43; p = 0.02) and occupation (χ21,499 = 0.001; p = 0.01) significantly influenced the perception of respondents with respect to charcoal merchandise for livelihood support. Percieved impact of charcoal production on land degradation was significantly influenced by marital status (χ22,498 =7.43; p=0.02), education level (χ22,498 =4.68; p=0.01) and income level (χ22,498 =11.53; p=0.01). Charcoal trading appears to be a lucrative business that supports livelihoods. Married couple, well educated people and high income earners appeared to be involved in this business, and they seemed fully aware of the consequenes of charcoal activities on land degradation. However, the study recommends that charcoal merchandise should be strictly regulated to forestall adverse consequences to the land and environment.
EFFECT OF SHIITAKE MUSHROOM (Lentinula edodes) SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS FED DIETS BASED ON FERMENTED SWAPSI MEAL-BASED DIETS
Shiitake mushroom is recognized for its nutritional and bioactive properties, with potential benefits in poultry nutrition. Fermented feed ingredients, such as fermented solid waste product of sugar industry meal, have also gained attention in improving nutrient utilization and growth performance in poultry. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with Shiitake mushroom on the growth performance of broiler chickens fed diets of fermented SWAPSI meal during an eight-week feeding period divided into starter and finisher phases. A total of 250 broiler chicks were assigned to 5 dietary treatments receiving diets containing varying inclusion levels of Shiitake mushroom combined with fermented SWAPSI meal with 50 birds per treatment and 10 birds per replicate. Initial body weights were similar across treatments. Significant improvements (P<0.05) in final body weight and average weight gain were observed in birds supplemented with 5 % (1391.20 g) and 20 % (1319.80 g) shiitake mushroom compared to the control (788.40 g) and 30 % (715.80 g) groups of finisher phase. In conclusion, 20 % supplementation of Shiitake mushrooms with fermented SWAPSI meal-based diets enhanced growth performance and feed efficiency in broiler chickens.
GROWTH RESPONSE OF RABBITS TO RUMEN LIQUOR–FERMENTED SUGAR BY-PRODUCT MEAL DIETS WITH MULTIGRAIN ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION
The global demand for animal protein necessitates the exploration of sustainable feed alternatives in livestock production. Rabbit farming is considered a promising avenue due to the high reproductive rate and their ability to thrive on diverse feedstuffs. This study investigated effect of rumen-liquor fermented solid waste product of sugar industry (FSWAPSI) supplemented with enzyme on the performance of rabbits. The experiment used 72 weaner rabbits assigned to a 3x2 factorial arrangement fitted into Completely Randomized Design and replicated four times with 3 rabbits each. Six diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and iso-caloric, supplementing FSWAPSI at 20, 30, and 40 % for weaners and 40, 50 and 60 % for growers, with enzyme supplementation at 0 and 200 ppm. Rumen liquor was used to inoculate SWAPSI and fermented before sun-drying. In the grower phase the result shows that higher level of the test ingredient was tolerated, 20 % FSWAPSI inclusion group showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in final weight (1426.70 g). Enzyme supplementation at 200 ppm significantly (P<0.05) depressed final weight (1240.60 g) as compared to the 0 ppm group (1398.90 g). There was significant (P<0.05) increase in average feed intake (52.61 g) and protein intake (9.5g) due to interactive effects of FSWAPSI and enzyme supplementation in the weaner phase. Conclusively, FSWAPSI can be safely incorporated up to 40 % for weaner rabbits and up to 60 % for grower rabbits. However, enzyme supplementation at 200 ppm proved unnecessary for grower rabbits as the fermentation itself effectively enhanced nutrient utilization
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND HEAVY METALS PROFILE OF SACHET WATER BRANDS FROM SELECTED VENTURES IN ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL OF THEFEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY, ABUJA, NIGERIA
Sachet water (SW) is an alternative source of drinking water among many households in Nigeria, and water contamination by heavy metals is a public health concern. This study assessed the physicochemical, lead, iron, and zinc contents of SW samples purchased within the Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC), Abuja. Ten bags of SW were purchased from 10 SW ventures within AMAC, labelled A-J, and transported to the laboratory. Three SW from each bag were randomly selected for physicochemical and heavy metal content analysis using a standard protocol. The total dissolved solids, total hardness, and electrical conductivity ranged from 10.75-115.7 mg/L, 0.08-0.64 mg/L, and 7.5-236.1 μS/cm respectively, and were lower than the WHO standard, while the values of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged from 7.4-10.5 mg/L, 32.5-37.5 mg/L, and 8.4-11 mg/L respectively, and exceeded the WHO threshold. The pH values varied across the samples and were below the WHO threshold. The concentrations of Zn (0.0685-0.2677 mg/L), Fe (0.3774-5.942 mg/L), and Pb (0.0572-0.2331 mg/L) varied across all the SW, with Zn content falling below the WHO threshold, while the Fe and Pb contents exceeded the threshold for drinking water. The study suggests SW contamination by heavy metals, especially Pb, and other physicochemical markers (BOD, COD, and DO), thus recommending stricter enforcement of regulatory standards for Pb content, BOD, DO, and COD in SW, improved water treatment technologies, and better maintenance of water distribution infrastructure towards actualizing the SDG No. 6 (clean water and sanitation)
LOW-COST AUTOMATIC TIMER SYSTEM ADAPTED TO COOKING APPLIANCES
This study presents the development and implementation of a low-cost automatic timer system specifically adapted for cooking appliances. Recognising the growing need for user-friendly and efficient cooking solutions, the system aims to enhance culinary experiences by automating timing functions for various cooking processes. Leveraging microcontroller technology and sensor inputs, the system offers precise timing control, ensuring optimal cooking results while minimising user intervention. It employs the ESP32 microcontroller, which is programmed to trigger a relay actuator ON or OFF according to the input received from the timer circuit. It is equipped with a 16x2 LCD to monitor the timing sequence in conjunction with an IoT app that can be used to also control and monitor the timer system. The automatic timer system offers versatility and ease of use for a wide range of cooking scenarios and appliances. This research contributes to the field of smart kitchen technology, emphasising the importance of affor-dability and accessibility in the development of automated solutions for everyday cooking tasks. Future work will focus on expanding the system’s capabilities, including integration with smart home technologies and additional cooking functionalities.
Microcontroller; ESP32; Relay; IoT; Timer system; LCD
A SHORT-TERM PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM AT YABA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY USING A DATA LOGGER
The increasing global demand for sustainable energy has amplified the relevance of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. This study investigates the performance of a 40 W monocrystalline PV module monitored over a four-month period using a UX 120-006M data logger. The system was deployed on a rooftop in the Physical Science Department of Yaba College of technology Lagos, Nigeria, capturing real-time voltage and ambient temperature data at 60-second intervals. Additionally, electrical characterization was conducted using I-V measurements to derive key performance parameters including open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current (Isc), maximum power point (MPP), fill factor (FF), and overall efficiency. Results reveal a diurnal voltage pattern peaking at midday with values exceeding 22 V and a consistent average between 12–14 V. Ambient temperatures ranged from 26–34 °C, reflecting tropical climatic influence. An inverse correlation between voltage and temperature was observed, attributed to the negative temperature coefficient of silicon-based modules. Electrical testing yielded a maximum power output of 22.46 W at 11.51 V and 1.95 A, with a calculated efficiency of 9.71 %, significantly below the 15–22 % benchmark for monocrystalline modules. The low fill factor (0.48) suggests internal inefficiencies or environmental constraints. This underperformance underscores the importance of real-time monitoring for early fault detection and maintenance planning. Despite suboptimal efficiency, the system remains viable for educational or low-power off-grid applications. The integration of data logger technology presents a robust framework for enhancing PV system reliability and operational insight.
Computation of Energy and Tensor Product of Graphs
Graph energy has increased tremendously, and many versions of the energy have been conceived and proposed. The products of connected graphs play a vital role in the study of DNA analysis. In this paper, the adjacency energy of the tensor product, strong product, Cartesian product, and categorial product of a complete graph ???????? and a cycle graph ????????, were computed. The products ????3⊗????4, ????3⊗????3,????4⊗????4,????3⊠????4,????4⊠????4,????3×????4,????3×????3,???????????? ????4×????4 were considered. The adjacency matrix and associated eigenvalues were computed, and the relationship between the graph energies was established.
SEDIMENTOLOGICAL AND PALEODE POSITIONAL STUDIES OFROCKS WITHIN THE MIDDLE BENUE TROUGH
Previous studies were focused on Albian to Turonian sediments of the middle Benue Trough, which lies within Keana and Awe sheet 232 NW respectively. The present study extends to areas around Lafia town (Sheet 231NW) whose sediments range from Albian to Maastrichtian. Detailed field mapping on a scale of 1:50,000 was carried out and during this exercise, lithostratigraphic successions in the study area was established. Stratigraphic study of the area indicates the occurrence of three formations namely; the fluvial Lafia Formation, the shallow marine Awgu Formation and the transitional Awe Formation. 12 samples were collected for granulometric analysis and 8 samples for Petrographic analysis. The Lafia Formation consists of ferruginous sandstone capping the section, clay and clayed intercalated with sands at the base. Petrography and sieve analysis revealed that the Ferruginous sandstone ranged from fine to medium grain. It is moderately sorted, strongly fine skewed and is subarkosic arenite. More than 60 % of the crystals are monocrystalline which is indicative of igneous provenance. The Awe Formation consists of fine-grained white sandstone, with some intercalations of white clay and laminated shale. The sandstones are fine-grained and poorly-moderately sorted which coupled with the bivariate plot that indicates a transitional condition between shallow marine and fluvial systems. The Awgu Formation consists of sandstones that are fine grained, very poorly sorted and strongly fine-skewed. The presence of ostracodes, echinoderms, and ammonites within the shaley limestone of the Awgu Formation is indicative of marine environment.
IMPACT OF ALPHA SPIN NANOPARTICLES ON GENETIC DIVERSITY OFNIGERIA SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) GERMPLASM
An experiment was carried out during the cropping season of 2025 in the Botanical Garden, Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology of Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State-Nigeria to investigate the influence of Alpha spin nanoparticles on the Genetic diversity of sesame. The seeds were exposed to Alpha pin Nanoparticles at 20min, 40min and 60min alongside the untreated (control). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were collected on the basis of plant height, Number of pods/plant, Number of seeds/pod, 1000seeds weight. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The result revealed that most of the parameters were significant at 0≤ 0.05. Highest mean plant height was observed in variety FUTM9 (98.03), while OMA 40 (41.83) has the least plant height. The result also showed that FUTM7 (31.21) has the highest number of pods/plant while OMA 40, has the least number of pods/plant. FUTM9 (70.22) was observed to have the highest number of seeds/pod while Ex sudan (44.66) has the least number of seeds/pod. NAK033 has the highest dry seed weight (22.60) while FUTM9 has the least dry seed weight (3.89). Highest 1000seed weight was observed in the variety Jig 86 (8.80) while the least was observed in Ex sudan (6.79). Most of the varieties recorded their highest mean performance at T2 which is 40minutes of exposure to alpha nano spin particles. It is recommended that for most of the agronomic traits, T2 (40 minutes exposure time) be applied.
Alpha Spin, Nanoparticles, genetic diversity, Sesame
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF TWO VARIETIES OF PALM KERNEL ANDSHELL ON THE COEFFICIENT OF SLIDING FRICTION OF A LOCAL FABRIC
The frictional properties of a material are useful in designing equipment for crop processing and storage. The effect of moisture content of two varieties of palm kernel and shell on the coefficient of sliding friction of a local fabric was determined. An oven drying method at 105 oC was used to determine the moisture content according to ASAE Standards. The moisture content of dura and tenera varieties were 17.4 and 18.2 % (w.b.) which were individually adjusted to 9, 13 and 17 % by adding 76.3, 39.8 and 3.3 g; and 82.3, 46.4 and 10.6 g distilled water respectively. The angle of repose apparatus was used to determine the coefficient of sliding friction of palm kernel and shell of dura and tenera varieties on the two faces of local fabric. The coefficient of sliding friction for dura kernel and shell on the two faces of a local fabric ranged from 0.384-0.655 for 9 %; 0.484-0.706 for 13 %; and 0.462-0.695 for 17 %. The coefficient of sliding friction for tenera kernel and shell on the two faces of a local fabric ranged from 0.660-0.947 for 9 %; 0.711-0.852 for 13 % and 0.611-0.902 for 17 %. The moisture contents of dura palm kernel, tenera palm kernel and tenera palm shell had significant effect (p<0.05) on the coefficient of sliding friction on face A and face B of the local fabric but moisture content of dura palm shell had no significant effect (p>0.05) on the coefficient of sliding friction.
Local fabric, moisture content, coefficient of sliding friction, frictional separation
MODELLING TIMES SERIES VOLATILITY: A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA ECONOMIC VARIABLES
The profound vulnerability of the Nigerian economy to global oil price shocks necessitates a robust analysis of its macroeconomic volatility transmission mechanisms. This study employed the Dynamic Conditional Correlation Multivariate GARCH (DCC-MGARCH) model to investigate the interconnected volatility and time-varying spillovers among crude oil prices, exchange rates, inflation, and stock market performance using monthly data from January 2003 to December 2023. The results reveal significant volatility persistence and strong interdependencies among these variables, identifying oil price shocks and exchange rate fluctuations as primary drivers of volatility in inflation and stock returns. The analysis further uncovers distinct volatility regimes, including near-integrated GARCH processes for inflation and stock returns, and non-normal, fat-tailed distributions across all return series. While the model confirms high correlation persistence, it also exposes specification challenges, indicating that standard DCC frameworks may be inadequate for fully capturing the complex volatility dynamics inherent in Nigeria's oil-dependent economy. The study concludes that Nigeria remains acutely susceptible to oil-driven macroeconomic instability, underscoring the critical need for diversification policies and enhanced risk management strategies. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and investors while contributing to existing empirical literatures for analyzing multivariate financial-market interdependencies in resource-dependent emerging economies.
Oil Price Volatility, Volatility Spillovers, DCC-MGARCH Model, Macroeconomic Stability, Resource-Dependent Economies
Mathematical Modeling of the Spread of the Ebola Virus Disease
Ebola, a viral and fatal disease with occasional outbreaks on the continent of Africa affects mostly humans and non-human primates, and poses a great health challenge to this part of the globe. The transmission of Ebola Virus can be through direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or skin of Ebola Virus Disease patients or those who have passed away from the illness. In this paper, we formulate a mathematical model of the transmission of the Ebola virus disease in a population capturing its dynamics to study the impact of healthcare policies on its spread. The model is a four compartment model consisting of Susceptible, Latent, Infectious and Recovery compartments. To gain a good understanding of the model, the formulated model is transformed into difference equations. The basic reproduction number R0 is derived using the next generation matrix method. Further, the disease-free equilibrium of the model is obtained and its stability analysis is carried out. The result shows that the disease-free equilibrium point is locally stable if R0 < 1 but may not be asymptotically stable, indicating that the disease will eventually die out. Conversely, if R0 > 1, an endemic equilibrium exists, and the disease will persist at a stable level. Numerical simulations obtained illustrate the efforts of the parameters on the compartment of the model.
Copyright (c) 2024 FULafia Journal of Science and Technology
Products of Nilpotents in Partial Transformation Semigroups using Digraphic Paths and Chains
In this paper, we investigate the factorization of singular partial self-maps on a finite set into products of the least number of nilpotent elements. This research demonstrates that the semigroup of such maps can be expressed within a union of nilpotent-generated sets, specifically up to the third power. Some of our key findings include the determination of the nilpotent rank and the nilpotent depth for these maps, which vary based on whether the set size is even or odd. Additionally, this study surveys the relationship between these results and Stirling numbers, leveraging the Vagner Theorem and digraphic representations. We also examine stable quasi-idempotents, which correspond to specific digraphic paths and chains, providing further insights into the structure of partial transformation semigroups.
Morphological Assessment of the Protective Effects of A. muricata Seed Extract Against Potassium Dichromate Stomach Poisoning in Wistar Rats
This study investigated the protective effects of Annona muricata seed extract against potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) stomach poisoning in Wister rats. Seeds were extracted with ethanol, and 20 rats were divided into five groups. Group I received distilled water, Group II received 200 mg/kg extract, Group III received 20 mg/kg K2Cr2O7, Group IV received 20 mg/kg pbw of K2Cr2O7 followed by 200 mg/kg pbw of extract, and Group V received 200 mg/kg pbw of extract followed by 20 mg/kg pbw of K2Cr2O7. Group I showed normal liver and stomach morphology. Group II showed normal stomach morphology. Group III showed stomach damage, disruption of surface epithelium, and leukocyte infiltration. Group IV showed normal stomach morphology, while Group V showed no pathological lesions. Annona muricata seed extract protects against K2Cr2O7 stomach poisoning in Wistar rats, suggesting its potential against stomach poisoning in humans. Further molecular investigation is needed to understand the mechanism of action
NUTRITIONAL, MICROBIAL, SENSORY AND COST ATTRIBUTES OF WARA, WAGASHI,CHEDDAR AND MOZZARELLA CHEESE TYPES
There is a need to compare the quality-cum-cost of cheese types available to consumers, and studying their nutritional value can enhance food security. This research compared the nutritional composition, microbial count, sensory properties, and cost attributes of Wara, Wagashi, Cheddar, and Mozzarella cheeses in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Cheese samples were randomly collected from local markets and retail stores in February 2024 and studied using a completely randomised design. Parameters evaluated included proximate composition, microbial count, sensory analysis, and cost implications. Results showed that Wara and Wagashi cheeses had higher moisture content but lower protein and fat compared to Cheddar and Mozzarella. Microbial counts increased for all cheese types over a 3-day storage period, with Cheddar exhibiting the highest total viable count on day 3. Prominent bacteria identified were Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus plantarum, while key fungi included Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Sensory evaluation revealed a preference for Mozzarella over Wara and Wagashi. Cost analysis indicated that Wara and Wagashi were significantly cheaper than Cheddar and Mozzarella. The study concluded that local cheeses, though more affordable, are less nutritious than imported varieties, but they have potential for improvement. Recommendations made from this study include enhancing production methods, hygiene practices, and quality control for Wara and Wagashi to improve their nutritional content, microbial safety, and market competitiveness.
NUTRITIVE ATTRIBUTES OF COCONUT FRUIT JUICE AS ADDITIVE TO YOGHURT
The enhancement of yoghurt quality and nutritional attributes through additives is increasingly important in functional dairy products. This study evaluated the phytochemical contents of coconut fruit juice (CFJ) and its effect on the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of yoghurt. Fresh cow milk was inoculated with standard yoghurt starter cultures (Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) and treated with five CFJ inclusion levels (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ml per 100 ml yoghurt) in a Completely Randomised Design. Parameters assessed included physicochemical, proximate, vitamin, and fatty acid properties. Results showed that CFJ is rich in phenols, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, and anthocyanins, with phenols most abundant. Proximate analysis indicated that moisture and crude protein increased significantly with higher CFJ inclusion, while crude fat, carbohydrate, fibre, and ash decreased (P < 0.05). Physicochemical evaluation revealed progressive reductions in titratable acidity and free fatty acids with CFJ addition (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that CFJ fortification improves yoghurt’s nutritional balance by lowering fat and enhancing protein and hydration, while providing antioxidant phytochemicals with potential health benefits. The 15 % CFJ inclusion level achieved the best balance between nutritional enhancement and product stability. Beyond macronutrient improvement, CFJ incorporation is expected to confer antioxidant protection, improved hydration, reduced fat, and enhanced protein availability, aligning with consumer demand for healthier dairy products. In conclusion, CFJ fortification is a promising strategy for producing value-added yoghurt with improved nutritional quality and functional benefits, with 15 % inclusion recommended as optimal for production and processing.
Morpho-Phytochemical Composition of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Varieties Grown in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
The study, Morpho-phytochemical composition of sesame (Sesamum indicum) varieties grown in Lafia, Nasarawa state-Nigeria. The experiment was conducted at the Botanical Garden of the Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State. Sesame varieties were obtained from National Cereal Research Institute Baddegi, Niger State. The varieties obtained include: GUJ BLACK, CHI001, and NCRIBEN 04E, NCRIBEN 05E and E8. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected on the basis of Number of days for germination, Number of days to flowering, Plant height at flowering, Number of leaves per plant, Number of branches per plant, Number of branches at 50% flowering, Plant height at maturity, Number of pods per plant, Number of seeds per plant and 1000 seed weight. 30 g of sesame seeds from each varieties were grounded and analyzed for six proximate traits. Data were recorded for crude protein, crude fat/oil, fibre, mineral ash, moisture content and carbohydrate content. All proximate analyses were done according to Official methods of Associations of Analytical Chemist (AOAC). Data collected were subjected to ANOVA P ≤ 0.5. The varieties GUJBLACK and E8 performed very well in most of the morphological characterization such as days to germination, germination percentage, number of leaves, plant height, number of branches and 100 seed weight. Phytochemical composition of different varieties revealed that the variety GUJBLACK has the highest concentration of alkaloid, flavonoid, phenols, glycosides and saponin. The least varieties performance were observed in NCRIBEN 05E and NCRIBEN 04E.
On Signed Full Transformation Semigroup of a Finite Set
If we define [n] = {1,2,3,...,n} and [n*] = {±1,±2,±3...,±n}. A map α: [n] → [n*] is called a signed transformation on [n]. The collection of all these maps together with composition forms a semigroup called a signed transformation semigroup. Given that dom(α) = [n], the signed transformation semigroup will be called a signed full transformation semigroup on [n]. In this paper, we obtain formulas that count the number of elements in the semigroups of order decreasing, order preserving and order decreasing signed transformations on [n]. We equally do same for the sub-semigroup of the signed transformation semigroup consisting only of idempotents.
Habitat Characterization of Culicine Mosquitoes in Two Local Government Areas of Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Mosquitoes are major vectors of disease, with their abundance influenced by ecological and environmental factors. This study assessed the habitat characterization and abundance of mosquito species in Awe and Nasarawa Eggon LGAs, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Larvae were sampled monthly from July 2023 to June 2024 using standard dipping techniques, and physicochemical parameters of breeding sites were analyzed. A total of 2,158 mosquito larvae were collected, with culicines significantly (P < 0.001) accounting for 90.08% while anophelines accounted for 9.92% of the population. Among the emerged adult culicines, Culex quinquefasciatus (76.67%) was significantly (P < 0.001) more abundant followed by Anopheles gambiae (13.40%), while An. funestus had the lowest emergence rate at 1.97%. Puddle habitats (47.21%) supported the highest mosquito abundance, followed by rice fields (34.99%), while animal hoof prints (0.79%) had the least mosquito abundance. Therefore, habitat type significantly (P = 0.037) influenced mosquito abundance in both LGAs. The highest larval abundance was recorded at a 351–400 m (36.52%) gradient from human dwellings, but distance significantly (P = 0.625) influence larval abundance. Physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, and dissolved oxygen exhibited varied correlations with mosquito abundance, with significant effects in some habitats. These findings highlight the need for targeted vector control strategies, particularly habitat modification and public health interventions, to reduce mosquito proliferation and mitigate disease transmission risks in the study area.