Lafia Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research
The Lafia Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research (LJSIR) is a peer-reviewed international research journal published by the Faculty of Physical Sciences and Faculty of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Lafia. It publishes original research papers twice a year (April and October) in all fields of Agriculture, Science, Engineering, and Technology. LJSIR is dedicated to promoting research activities in a multidisciplinary approach with an emphasis on contemporary issues relevant to society at large. p-ISSN: 3026-9288 e-ISSN: 3027-1800
Faculty of Science, Federal University of Lafia
Determination of Antibiotic-Resistant Genes in Bacteria from Borehole Water Samples in Kaduna Metropolis
The persistence of drug-resistant microorganisms in environmental water sources, particularly boreholes, presents growing challenges for public health, especially within densely populated urban locales. In Kaduna Metropolis, borehole water serves as a crucial means of potable water supply; however, the infiltration of bacteria with antibiotic resistance into these sources represents a concerning vector for advancing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This investigation explored the genetic mechanisms of bacterial strains retrieved from borehole water across four administrative districts Chikun, Igabi, Kaduna North, and Kaduna South spanning dry and wet climatic periods. A cumulative total of 200 samples were acquired and subjected to bacteriological assessment using established culture-based methodologies. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques were utilized to screen for specific resistance-related genes, including blaTEM, gyrA, sul1, and PBP2a. Molecular screening identified multiple resistance determinants, with sul1 being the most frequently encountered. These findings point to the role of borehole water systems in harboring resistant microbial populations and underline environmental contributions to AMR transmission. The identified geographical and seasonal disparities in bacterial occurrence further emphasize the impact of regional infrastructure and environmental dynamics, reinforcing the call for sustained monitoring and proactive public health strategies, even in the absence of seasonal or locational trends in resistance behavior.
Copyright (c) 2026 Precious Opeyemi Oghenetega , Nkechi Eucharia Egbe, Jeremiah Appah, Chukwudi Kingsley Onuh , Abba Umar Hassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Enhancing the Power Conversion Efficiency of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells through Natural Dye Optimization
This study evaluates the electrical performance of dye‑sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabricated with six natural dyes and a commercial ruthenium reference (N719). Using engineered datasets that mirror typical laboratory outcomes, we analyze charge transport, interfacial resistance, and photovoltaic metrics (Jsc, Voc, FF, PCE). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) parameters and ultraviolet-visible absorption characteristics are presented alongside IV and Nyquist analyses. Statistical testing (one‑way ANOVA and pairwise comparisons) demonstrates that while N719 retains superior mean PCE (~8.3%), certain natural dyes such as Blackberry and Red Cabbage achieve competitive PCEs (≈3–3.6%) with lower charge‑transfer resistances than other naturals. Regression and correlation analyses show PCE is driven predominantly by Jsc and FF, with Rct exerting a strong negative influence. We propose engineering interventions including nanostructured TiO₂, co‑sensitization and optimized redox electrolytes to close the gap between natural dyes and commercial standards. This work frames natural dyes within an electrical‑engineering optimization path for low‑cost, sustainable DSSCs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ogbonnaya Udonsi Uduma, Muhammad Uthman, Aliyu O. Sani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparative Analysis of the Nutritional and Anti-nutritional Compositions of Mango (Mangifera indica), Pawpaw (Carica papaya) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Sold in Lafia Modern Market, Nigeria
The study examined the nutrition and anti–nutritional compositions of mango, pawpaw and pineapple using standard analytical techniques. The result of proximate composition showed that mango has higher fat, ash, crude fibre, moisture, carbohydrate, fatty acid and energy contents than pawpaw and pineapple, while pawpaw has higher crude protein value than mango and pineapple. The antinutrient composition of the samples revealed that pineapple has higher oxalate, alkaloids, tannins and phytate than mango and pawpaw. The results of amino acid composition revealed that Leucine was the most concentrated essential amino acid (EAA) in mango, pawpaw and pineapple, with the values of 4. 61, 5.02 and 5.60 g/100 g cp respectively. It was also found that Tryptophan was the least concentrated essential amino acid in the three samples with a value of 0.84, 0.92 and 0.63 g/l00 g in mango, pawpaw and pineapple, respectively. The calculated isoelectric points (pI) for mango, pawpaw and pineapple fruits were 6.09, 6.83 and 5.97, respectively. The P–PER values were 1.83, 1.67 and 1.80 for the mango, pawpaw and pineapple fruit samples, respectively. The study revealed that the three fruits were good sources of nutrients needed by the body and were low in anti-nutrients. Their consumption is highly recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Matthew Olaleke Aremu, Mujidat Adeola Alabi, Ismail Abdullahi Hamad, Stella Chintua Ortutu, Halima Eshi Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Radionuclide Concentrations in Drinking Water level of Dennis Osadebay University, Asaba, Delta State
Potassium (40K), Uranium (238U) and Thorium (232Th) are radionuclides that are present in drinking water sources naturally or artificially. The exposure of humans and animals to these radionuclides in minute doses may cause chronic health issues in the future. This work analyzed the level of activity concentrations of Potassium 40K, 238U and 232Th in borehole water used for drinking and other domestic activities. Twenty-nine (29) samples were collected in a one-litre cylindrical air-tight polyvinylchloride container, thoroughly washed and sterilised. The samples were analyzed using a well-calibrated thallium-activated 3x3 Sodium Iodide NaI(Tl) detector at the Institute of Radiation Protection and Research (NIRPR). The results of the analyses showed that the activity concentrations of 40K, 238U and 232Th have mean values of 110.39 ± 19.21, 9.35 ± 2.01, and 5.21 ± 2.56, respectively, which were all above the world average recommended values of WHO and UNSCEAR. Therefore, the use of the water for drinking is toxic and detrimental to the physiology and the overall health status of the consumers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Victor E. Agbeyi, Oghenevovwero E. Esi, Johnson O. Etaghene (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Low-Cost Weather Station Assessment of Urban Heat Island Compared with ERA5 Reanalysis Data
Rapidly urbanizing regions usually experience urban heat islands with the attendant environmental and public health challenges. This study has used a low-cost LILYGO T-SIM7000G board with BME280 as a sensor to assess the UHI Index and compare such results with those obtained from the Copernicus ERA5-Land reanalysis data. The result shows a bias of about 1.36 in the UHI Index against the ERA5-Land data; this bias can be mitigated by applying a corrective offset. It was also observed that the ambient temperature in Lafia city has been consistently increasing between the years 1980 and 2024 by about 0.017 oC per year, with the highest increase recorded in the year 2024. The highest diurnal value of the UHI Index was observed around 1500 hours, while the lowest nighttime value was observed at around 0600 hours; this finding agrees with results as observed in other studies. This study has shown the importance of adopting low-cost components in monitoring environmental variables such as the UHI Index in low-income areas of the world, where funding may pose problems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abubakar Musa, Taiwo Adewumi, Sani Muhammad, Oladiran Johnson Abimbola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Application of the Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method to aTime-Fractional Heat Equation
This work deals with the numerical solution of a time-fractional heat equation where a Caputo fractional derivative of order 0 is used in place of the traditional first-order time derivative. This change improves the model's capacity to represent anomalous diffusion behavior and memory effects, which are frequently seen in intricate engineering and physical systems. Applying and evaluating the Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method (FRDTM) to solve this fractional-order partial differential equation is the aim of this work. The Fractional Variational Iteration Method (FVIM) was used to validate the findings. For different fractional orders, namely, and the classical case where with a known exact solution, two numerical examples were performed. The findings demonstrate that FRDTM offers extremely stable and accurate solutions that closely match the exact solution in the classical case. When it comes to capturing the change from rapid decay at lower fractional orders to more sustained solution profiles as the order increases, the FRDTM performs better than the FVIM. The differences between the two methods demonstrate FRDTM's superior convergence and accuracy across all cases considered. Finally, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of FRDTM as a reliable semi-analytical tool for solving fractional heat problems, and it contributes to advancing computational approaches for solving partial differential equations in science and engineering.
Copyright (c) 2025 Franklin Olusodayo Ogunfiditimi, Blessing Omojo Akogwu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Multi-Sensor Satellite Data Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Air Pollution in Abuja FCT and Adjoining States in Nigeria
Nigeria’s Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Abuja has witnessed rapid urbanization, and this urbanization has significantly impacted the development of neighbouring states with the attendant increase in air pollution. This study presents a comprehensive multi-sensor satellite assessment of the spatiotemporal fluctuations of key pollutants—nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxides (SO₂), carbon (II) oxides (CO), methane (CH₄), ozone (O₃), and formaldehyde (HCHO), and the absorbing aerosol index (AI)—across Abuja and its neighbouring states (Nasarawa, Kogi, Niger, and Kaduna) from 2019 to 2024. Using satellite remote sensing data from Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI together with other atmospheric data, the temporal dynamics of pollutants and their connections to parameters such as ambient temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and precipitation have been investigated. NO2 and HCHO were found to be increasing around Suleja, Abuja, and Lokoja, as SO2 and CO were found to be decreasing, indicating an improved efficient use of fuel and emission control. A positive correlation (r = 0.62) between precipitation and ozone was found, showing there is more convective transport and photochemical production during the rainy season. The effects of plants on the absorption of air pollution were shown through the negative correlations between NDVI, CO, and AI. Methane, on the other hand, moved from north to south in space, which was the same direction as changes in the intensity of farming. The findings show how unified policies, such as proper city planning, vegetation protection, and emission reduction, are important in sprawling urban areas for air pollution reduction.
Copyright (c) 2025 John Okon James , Taiwo Adewumi, Omotayo May Durodola, Rita Nwamaka Okonkwo, Oladiran Johnson Abimbola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Hybridization on the Tensile Properties of S-glass Fibre/Nanoclay/Epoxy Composites
three groups of composites were fabricated: glass/epoxy composites A, B,C,D,E and F which contains 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt. % glassfibre reinforcement respectively. Naonclay/epoxy composite B, C, D, E and F, with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt.% nanoclay content respectively. Hybrid composites B, C,D, and F, contain equal amount of epoxy ( 60 wt. %), 39, 38, 37, 36, and 35 wt. % glassfibre and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt. % nanoclay content respectively. Sample A is the Control sample with 100 wt. % epoxy. Tensile properties of S-glassfibre/nanoclay/epoxy hybird nanocomposite E, which contains 60 wt. % epoxy, 4 wt & nanoclay and 36 wt. % glassfibre was found to be the overall best performing composite in the mechanical properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bisike Chidiebere Egere, Lawal Omeiza Yusuf, Philip Abubakar, Sunday Adaogoshi Eya, Catherine Okaigbo Oseshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessing Groundwater Potential and Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation at Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Northcentral Nigeria
Groundwater is used in industry, agriculture, and drinking. Quality must be checked regularly. This study assessed Federal University of Lafia groundwater potential for drinking and irrigation. Fifteen groundwater samples were analyze and nine Schlumberger geo-electrical soundings were carried out. The results were compared to Water Quality Index and World Health Organization drinking water standards. IP2WIN software was used to smoothed field data for models, geo-electric layers, and sounding curves. KH, QH, H, and Q curve types were obtained. Sandstone, top soil, and sandy shale exhibit varying resistivities, indicating variation in geology. The area has high aquifer protection capacity and moderate to high water potentials. The physicochemical parameters are within WHO drinking permissible limits, except for nitrate which is above the limit. Which implies contamination. The samples are excellent source of water based on water quality index. The study uses Kelly's ratio, magnesium adsorption ratio, sodium adsorption ratio, and chloro-alkaline indices to determine their suitability for irrigation. All the samples are good for irrigation with the exception of the magnesium adsorption ratio, which indicates that samples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 are above 50%, indicating a negative impact on crop yield as the soil becomes more alkaline. Based on the results, the area has high groundwater potentials but poorly good for irrigation. Therefore, isotopic and geothermal analysis of the water samples in the area is necessary, in order to ascertain the exact sources of water in the area
Copyright (c) 2025 Lafia Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of Luffa (Luffa cylindrica) and Banana (Musa acuminata) Fibre Reinforced Recycled Low-Density Polyethylene (rLDPE)
In response to the environmental concerns posed by low-density polyethylene (LDPE) pollution, this study explores the potential of natural fibers—specifically banana and luffa fibers—as reinforcements in recycled LDPE composites. Composites were fabricated by blending post-consumer rLDPE with banana and luffa fibers at weight ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Mechanical properties: tensile strength, flexural strength, elongation at break, and impact resistance tests were evaluated. Results showed that banana fiber composites exhibited an increase in tensile strength from 12.4 MPa to 13.99 MPa with increasing fiber content (10%–30%), The flexural strength decreases from 125.9 MPa at, 105MPa, and 92.74 MPa at 30% of fibre loading, while elongation at break, the elongation increases from 14.51% at 10% to 35.31% at 30%. However, both flexural strength and impact resistance decreased with increased fiber loading, likely due to poor fiber-matrix interfacial bonding. Optimal performance for banana-reinforced composites was observed at 30% fiber content for tensile strength, and at 10% for flexural strength. In contrast, luffa fiber composites showed a decrease in tensile strength from 11.84 MPa to 10.07 MPa as fiber content increased, attributed to weak interfacial adhesion. Flexural strength increased from 10MPa to 57.78MPa fiber loading. Elongation decreased from 44.62%-25%, but slightly increased 25%-28% as fibre loading increases due to poor fiber-matrix interfacial bonding. Overall, banana fiber demonstrated more consistent and favorable mechanical performance than luffa, particularly in tensile properties, highlighting its potential as a sustainable reinforcement material in rLDPE composites to mitigate plastic waste and reduce environmental impact.
Copyright (c) 2025 Osuegba Osuendo Solomon, U. Adamu, S. Mamman, O. B. Aduke, S. Yusuf, D. P. Habila, B. M. Nathaniel, K. H. Uzeru (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Use of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Software for Drafting Patterns for Training Students of Home and Rural Economics College of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Lafia
This study explored the use of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software for drafting patterns for training students of Home and Rural Economics in Nasarawa State. Four research questions guided the study which include; what is type of CAD software suitable for pattern drafting? How can CAD instructional materials be developed effectively for students training? What is the importance of integrating CAD into pattern drafting education? What are the challenges of using CAD software in teaching pattern drafting? Research and Development (R&D) design was adopted. Fifty respondents, comprising staff and students of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, College of Agriculture, Science, and Technology Lafia, participated. Structured questionnaire titled “Questionnaire on the Use of CAD for Drafting Patterns as Instructional Material Questionnaire (CADPATTIQ). A Four point rating scale of Strongly Agreed (SA)4, Agreed(A)3, Disagreed(DA)2, and Strongly Disagreed. (SD)1.CAD software such as CorelDraw and Auto CAD were used to develop basic garment patterns including; bodice, skirts, trousers, and sleeves. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and evaluated using mean and Standard Deviation analysis. The results indicated that the use of CAD enhanced precision, creativity, speed, and technological literacy among students. The CAD materials were highly accepted, and respondents agreed that CAD offers significant economic and educational advantages. It is recommended that CAD be integrated into tertiary clothing and textile curricula to better align students with modern industry demands.
Copyright (c) 2025 Edith Samuel Nasara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of S-glass Fibre and Nanoclay on the Tensile Properties of Epoxy Composites: A Comparative Study
In this research work, the effect of S-glass fibre and nanoclay loading on the tensile properties of epoxy material are comparatively studied. Two groups of composites were fabricated, glass fibre/epoxy composites A, B, C, D, E, and F, which contains 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt.% S-glass fibre reinforcements respectively and nanoclay/epoxy composites A, B, C, D, E, and F with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt.% nanoclay content, respectively. Tensile property of the all the composites fabricated were analysed and findings reported. Glass fibre/epoxy composite E, which contains 60 wt.% epoxy, 40 wt.% glass fibre was found to be the overall best performing composite. It possesses the following qualities: 98.93 MPa tensile strength, 1336.90 MPa tensile modulus and 0.072 strain at break whereas the best result on the tensile properties for nanoclay/epoxy group composites was obtained from composite E, which contains 4 wt.% nanoclay and 96 wt.% epoxy. It has the following behaviour; 60.837 MPa tensile strength, 845.00 MPa tensile modulus and 0.072 strain at break. The composite fabricated are suitable for wide range of applications such as aerospace industry for aircraft panel and body parts, marine for ship and vessels body parts, automobile industry for car bumper and body parts and civil engineering or structural engineering for high rise building frames etc.
Synthesis, Compositional, Morphological, Structural, and Thermal Properties of Eggshell Calcium Oxide for Solar Photovoltaic Glass
The increasing demand for sustainable materials in engineering applications has prompted the exploration of eco-friendly alternatives. Conventional calcium oxide (CaO) production from limestone is energy-intensive and environmentally detrimental, prompting interest in biogenic alternatives such as poultry eggshell waste, predominantly composed of calcium carbonate. Despite extensive research into eggshell-derived CaO for catalytic and biomedical applications, its potential for photovoltaic glass applications, particularly considering region-specific variations in material properties, has not been adequately investigated. This study comprehensively evaluates CaO extracted from chicken eggshells sourced from Lafia Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria, to establish its suitability for photovoltaic glass manufacturing. The extraction process involved thermal calcination at 900 °C for two hours, followed by detailed compositional, morphological, structural, and thermal characterizations using XRF, SEM-EDS, XRD, and TGA techniques. The results demonstrated brilliant white powder with high compositional purity (98.58% CaO), nanoscale spherical morphology conducive to uniform integration in glass matrices, robust crystallinity beneficial for structural stability, and strong thermal resilience crucial for high-temperature processing. These findings highlight eggshell-derived CaO as an economically viable, sustainable, and high-performance alternative for PV glass manufacturing. Further studies are recommended to assess practical integration in PV glass formulations, long-term durability, study of farming systems, and lifecycle economic viability.
Practices of Pig Farmers and Porcine Salmonella occurrence in Nasarawa State
Abstract Farming practices such as the use of antibiotics, feed and feed additives, housing as well as biosecurity measures are important factors leading to spread and persistence of infectious agents and pathogens in farms, environment and transmission of infectious agents to humans. The aim of this study was to assess pig farmers practices and the occurrence of Porcine Salmonella in Nasarawa State of Nigeria. A total of 637 farmers were assessed across the tree agro-ecological zones of the State comprising of 13 local government areas using structured questionnaires alongside 637 fecal samples collected from pigs to determine the association between management practices, Biosecurity practices and general hygiene vis-a-vis Salmonella occurrence. The fecal samples were subjected to culture and isolation methods as described by ISO 6579: +A1:2007. Data from questionnaire responses were subjected to multivariate logistic regression analysis using Epi info version 7.2 to ascertain the risk factors. The study recorded Porcine Salmonella occurrence and observed gaps in knowledge and best farm practices such as farm sanitation practices, biosecurity measures, unhygienic containment methods, feed and water administration promoting the occurrence of Porcine Salmonella. A coordinated One-Health approached is recommended in order to curtail Salmonella transmission and safeguarding the environment from contamination and the health of pig farmers of Nasarawa State.
Electronic and Optical Properties of Rare Earth Atoms Doped Niobium Dichalcogenides NbX₂ (X=S, Se) Monolayers: A First Principle Study
A First-principles calculation has been carried out to study the electronic, and optical properties of RE (La and Sm) atoms doped monolayer NbX2 (X=S, Se). The properties are studied through the use of density functional theory (DFT) with Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof-generalized gradient approximation (PBE-GGA) as exchange correlation functional and Time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) as implementation in Quantum ESPRESSO code. The electronic band structures, as well as density of states (DOS) of these structures, show both are metallic in nature. The analysis of optical properties reveals that both La and Sm doped NbX2 (X= S, Se) Monolayer possess maximum absorptivity in the UV range of incident photon’s energy with minimum energy loss and decrease in reflectivity. Our complete study about the considered compounds describes them as potential candidates for technological applications in plasmonic and optoelectronic devices.
Time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT)
3 Point Block Backward Differentiation Formula with Multiple Off-Step Points for the Solution of Stiff Problems
In this study, a three-point block backward differentiation formula (3PBBDF) method is derived for solving first-order stiff initial value problems (IVPs) of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The newly proposed method is analyzed for its key properties and is found to be A-stable, zero-stable, and effective in handling stiff IVPs. To evaluate the performance of the 3PBBDF method, several stiff IVPs are solved, and the results are compared against existing numerical schemes. The comparison, based on tabulated results and plotted graphs, demonstrates that the proposed method offers superior accuracy in terms of error scaling over three competing methods and also outperforms two methods in terms of execution time. Consequently, the proposed 3PBBDF scheme proves to be an efficient tool for integrating stiff IVPs in ODEs
Impact of Cultural and Societal Factors on Stigma and Psychological Distress Experienced by Breast Cancer Patients in Abuja, Nigeria
This study was carried out to evaluate the impact of cultural and societal factors on stigma and psychological distress experienced by breast cancer patients in Abuja, Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were administered to collate data on the significance of stigma and psychological distress on breast cancer patients, as well as risk factors and their impacts on breast cancer patients in Abuja. The Distress Thermometer (DT) of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) was used to evaluate distress, while the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), was employed to evaluate emotional distress. A total of 348 respondents, comprising patients diagnosed with breast cancer aged 18 years and above in 2024, were considered for the study in three oncological centres in Abuja, Nigeria. Results of the study revealed that all respondents had experienced different forms of stigmatization due to their cancer status and lived with the feeling of being judged due to cancer, a total of 65.8% experienced discrimination from family and friends, 36.8% from strangers, 24.4% were discriminated by colleagues while 8.6% experienced discrimination from health workers. 44.5% of the respondents frequently experienced negative attitudes from people, 26.4% always had some forms of negative attitudes while 7.8% rarely experienced negative attitudes. The study established the prevalence of cancer care challenges such as stigmatization, cultural misconceptions, inadequate social and psychological support and limited access to medical services in healthcare centers in Abuja, Nigeria. Addressing these barriers requires a multi-faceted approach including public health education, expanded mental health services and improved healthcare infrastructure.
Trace Metals in Tilapia zilli and Clarias batrachus Fishes Associated with Water and Soil Sediment from River Rukubi in Doma, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
This study was conducted to investigate the pollution level of heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Ni, Mn, Zn and Fe in the water, sediment and body organs (head, intestine & tile) of Tilapia zilli and Clarias batrachus from River Rukubi Doma, Nasarawa State. This was carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Magnesium was the most highly concentrated in the various matrices. Metal levels in the various body organs of the two fishes studied were found to be highly concentrated in the head. Comparison of metal levels in the body parts of the two fishes, sediment and water showed that Cu (85.9%) had the widest variability while Mg (13.1%) was the least. Also comparison of metal levels in the body parts of the Tilapia zilli and Clarias batrachus showed that Mg has the highest mean metal concentration in Clarias batrachus (655.85 µgg-1) than in Tilapia zilli (608.40 µgg-1). Iron showed the highest mean metal concentration in Tilapia zilli (166.51 µgg-1) than in Clarias batrachus (57.20 µgg-1). The heavy metals determined were mostly within the ranged of acceptable limit with exception of Pb, Cr and Mn. In view of this study it is recommended that biological monitoring of fishes meant for consumption from this water body be carried out regularly to ensure human safety. This study contributes to understanding the evaluation of metals level in fishes and their importance in food balanced approach for essential benefits.
Yahaya Yakubu Ishaleku Yahaya Yakubu Ishaleku
Assessment of Physicochemical and Bacteriological Quality of Government Intervention Borehole Water in Ipetu-Ijesa, Osun State
Access to clean and safe drinking water remains a significant public health concern in Nigeria, where millions lack improved water sources. This study assessed the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of water from selected government intervention boreholes in Ipetu-Ijesa, Osun State. Water samples were collected from five boreholes and analysed for parameters including pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate levels, salinity, and microbial contamination (total coliform and Escherichia coli counts). The results indicated that most physicochemical parameters fell within the permissible limits set by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and Nigerian Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). However, turbidity and total coliform counts exceeded safe limits in some locations. Total coliform counts ranged from 2.0 to 14.0 cfu/100 mL with a mean value of 7.0 cfu/100 mL. Borehole D (Oko Owo) exhibited the lowest contamination levels, while Borehole C (Bamikemo) recorded the highest total coliform count. No faecal coliforms were detected in the examined samples. Boreholes A, B, and C exhibited elevated conductivity, TDS, and temperature, suggesting potential contamination from environmental and anthropogenic sources. Borehole D had slightly acidic water, indicating possible metal leaching. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed strong correlations between conductivity, TDS, and temperature, highlighting potential underground contamination sources. Although the physicochemical characteristics and total coliform counts were mostly within permissible limits, deviations in some boreholes suggest the need for continuous monitoring and quality assessment to ensure safe drinking water.
Comparative Analysis of Candida albicans Prevalence Among Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women Across Age Groups Attending the Gynaecology Clinic in Lafia.
Background: Candida albicans is a common fungal pathogen that affects women during pregnancy due to hormonal and immunological changes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Candida spp. among pregnant and non-pregnant women attending the gynaecology clinic at Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital (DASH) Lafia. Methods: A total of 100 women (50 pregnant and 50 non-pregnant) were examined for Candida albicans colonization. Samples of high vaginal swabs (HVS) were collected from both pregnant and non-pregnant women. The samples were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and ChromaAgar, the isolates were examined microscopically after Gram staining, and presumptively identified by germ tube testing and confirmed by sugar fermentation test and incubation at 45°C after subculturing. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test to determine statistical significance. Results: The overall prevalence of Candida albicans was 64%. Pregnant women had a higher prevalence (72.0%) compared to non-pregnant women (56.0%) (χ² = 4.32, df = 1, p = 0.038). Age-related analysis showed that the highest prevalence was among pregnant women aged 26–35 years (80.0%), while younger women (18–25 years) had comparable prevalence rates regardless of pregnancy status. The chi-square test for age-related prevalence indicated a significant association (χ² = 17.23; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Pregnancy increases the risk of Candida albicans colonization among women aged 26–35 years. Routine screening and preventive measures should be emphasized, especially in high-risk groups.
Improved Zeta DC – DC with Hybrid Multilevel Converter Topology for Single –Phase Induction Motor Control
This paper presents an improved Zeta DC-DC converter integrated with a hybrid multilevel converter topology for efficient single-phase induction motor (SPIM) control. The proposed system aims to enhance power quality, reduce total harmonic distortion (THD), and improve the dynamic performance of the motor drive. The improved Zeta converter provides a stable and regulated DC link voltage with reduced ripple, ensuring efficient power conversion and better motor control. The hybrid multilevel inverter configuration minimizes switching losses and enhances output voltage quality by generating stepped waveforms with lower harmonic content. This combination enables smooth speed control and high efficiency operation of the SPIM, making it suitable for low-power industrial and residential applications. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposal topology in terms of the reduced harmonics, improved voltage regulation, and enhanced motor performance compared to conventional converter-inverter topologies.
Approximate Solution of the Nonlinear Buckmaster Partial Differential Equation using Exponential Fourth-order Differentiable Functions
In this paper, the nonlinear partial differential equation, Buckmaster equation is solved using the exponential cubic B-spline collocation method (ECBSM) and the approximate solutions from this method are compared with those of the hybrid cubic B-spline collocation method (HCBSM). In order to solve the equation, linearization technique is needed to linearize the nonlinear terms of the equation. This is done by the Taylor’s expansion approach. Further, the linearized equation is discretized into the fully implicit scheme and the Crank-Nicolson scheme. Three examples are used to test the proposed schemes by the fully implicit and Crank-Nicolson methods. The absolute errors of the methods are calculated and the comparison between the results of the ECBSM and the HCBSM is carried out. This is to analyze the accuracy of the methods of approximation. Both the ECBSM and HCBSM possess a free parameter which aids in determining accurate results. In general, the methods proved reliable with accuracy in approximating solutions of the equation.
Constraining the Genesis of Barite Deposits of the Gombe Hill, Using Stable Isotopes and Fluid Inclusion Studies
The opening of the Benue Trough as well as the sinistral displacement of the strike slip fault that displaced the whole inlier has been well documented in recent times. Fractures formed are believed to have occurred at the time of the opening of Benue Trough in the Cretaceous. Large sedimentary basins were developed with carbonates and continental platforms that provided ideal conditions for the formation of suits of sandstone hosted, stratiform deposits such as barite, celestine and fluorite of Cretaceous age. Barite is the economic mineral and the shape of the ore bodies is considered massive, the gangue minerals are calcite, traces of celestine and silica. A fluid inclusion and stable isotope analysis (S and O) for barite was conducted. The result shows a melting ice temperature between −24 °C and −15 °C (salinities of 13.6 to 24 wt. % NaCl equiv.) and a homogenization temperature ranged between 60 °C to 155 °C. Isotopic analysis of barite showed δ34SVCDT ranges from +18.1‰ to +19.8‰. Sulfur and Oxygen isotope data for the barite from the study area is consistent with a sulfur source formed during the Cretaceous, which coincides with the age of the Bima Formation. The oxygen isotope analysis showed a range between δ18OVSMOW 9.9‰ and 12.2‰ for the mineral. Fluid inclusion microthermometry and isotopic measurements lead us to conclude that brines from the Upper Benue Basin led to the replacement of evaporite strata (gypsum) by barite and its subsequent deposition within veins and fractures of the Bima Formation.
Fixed Point Theory in Semigroups and Applications in Optimization Problems
In this work, we introduce a new class of hybrid fixed points which arise from transformations within semigroups that exhibit both contractive and hybrid contraction properties. These fixed points have proven particularly useful in the context of optimization problems, providing a framework that guarantees convergence. The study highlights the application of hybrid fixed points in a variety of optimization schemes. By leveraging the hybrid contraction condition, it is shown that these methods offer improved stability, faster convergence, and more reliable solutions. These results are particularly significant for fields such as machine learning, where optimization algorithms often struggle with convergence issues in high dimensional spaces.
Assessment of Heavy Metals Concentration in Soil, Plants and Grains in Nasarawa North
In this study, heavy metals concentration in soil, plants and grains were determined for Chromium, Lead, copper, Zinc and Nickel from some selected areas in Kokona and Nasarawa local government area of Nasarawa state, Nigeria. Twelve samples (soil, plants and grain) were collected were prepared. The x-ray fluorescence spectrometry analysis result revealed the mean concentration of Cr (0.075, 0.075 and 0.046 mg/kg), Pb (0.026, 0.026 and 0.052 mg/kg), Cu (0.199, 0.199 and 0.252 mg/kg), Zn (0.079, 0.079 and 0.252 mg/kg) and Ni (0.014, 0.014 and 0.032 mg/kg) in soil, plants and grain respectively. The values of heavy metal concentration in soil, plant and grain are found to be below the world average. Thus, the public are free from significant health risk due to consumption of heavy metals in plants and grains from Nasarawa West, Nigeria.
Evaluating the Geochemical Properties of Awhum Coal and its Potential for Sustainable Energy Generation and Optimization in Nigeria
Nigeria is today faced with numerous challenges in its attempt to fulfil its increasing energy demands. This paper seeks to examine the opportunities that coal as an energy resource presents, particularly for a developing country like Nigeria. The purpose of this study is to carry out an exhaustive geochemical analysis of selected Awhum coals from the African Pit and Quarry site with particular emphasis on their suitability for energy production and their attendant economic and social impact on the environment. To accomplish this, both ultimate and proximate analyses were conducted on the coal sample which were sourced from Awhum site. The accumulation of coal with a high level of carbon and hydrogen was estimated; nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen were estimated to be low. In particular, nitrogen and sulfur amount were defined as 1.07%wt and 0.39%wt respectively. The proximate analysis results gave moisture content of 4.40wt.%, volatile matter of 51.16wt.%, fixed carbon of 40.63wt.% while the ash content was 3.81wt.% which all reflect the potential of the produced energy. APQ coal has an HHV of 23.74 MJ/kg, this is due to the low carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and high oxygen (O) content in APQ. Based on the ASTM D388 standard, the coals were classified as Sub-bituminous (Black) low-rank coals (LRCs) with an impressive potential for energy recovery. The properties of this coal make it suitable for industrial and domestic heating, and electric power generation, coke blending or co-firing with biomass for energy recovery through pyrolysis, gasification or combustion.
Effect of Duty Cycle Control on Performance of Sepic DC – DC Buck-Boost Converter under Resistive Load Applications
This paper investigates the effect of duty cycle control on the performance of the SEPIC (Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter) DC–DC buck-boost converter, particularly when subjected to resistive load applications. The SEPIC converter, known for its ability to output a voltage either greater or lesser than the input, finds broad application in power supplies and renewable energy systems. An analysis of how the duty cycle influences key performance metrics—such as output voltage, currents and voltage ripple is presented. Simulation result demonstrate that careful modulation of the duty cycle enables optimization of converter performance, offering valuable insights into how these converters can be tuned to enhance efficiency in resistive load scenarios. The results obtained reveal that the Sepic dc dc converter is capable of delivering a maximum output power approximately 1857W at duty cycle of 80 % with 20 kHz switching frequency. Also, at the same switching frequency, 20 % duty cycle, a minimum output power of approximately 5.34 W was obtained. These insights are valuable for power electronics engineers seeking to optimize SEPIC converters for domestic load applications.
Effect of Magnesium Oxide-Carbonized Hibiscus Sabdariffa (Zobo) Waste and Magnesium–Zinc Binary Oxide Nanocomposites in Mitigating Cadmium and Bacteria in Contaminated Water.
The need for active and inexpensive materials in combating menace of bacterial as well as heavy metals is very essential to the longevity of man and protection of his environment against deleterious substances such as bacterial and heavy metals. This research was designed to study the mitigative effect of MgO-carbonized zobo waste nanocomposite (MOCZWNC) and Mg-Zn binary oxide nanocomposite (MgZBONC) on Salmonella typhi – gram negative organism and Staphylococcus aureus – gram positive organism as well as eradication of cadmium ions in contaminated water. MgZBONC and MgOCZWNC was prepared, characterized and their adsorption ability was studied using adsorption isotherm evaluation. The mitigative effect of MgOCZWNC and MgZBONC on bacteria was evaluated using turbidimetric method. The maximum sorption capacity of MgOCZWNC and Mg-ZBONC for cadmium was 188.68mg/g and 192.31mg/g respectively. The average crystallite size of MgOCZWNC and MgZBONC was 28.61nm and 59.42nm respectively. The treated samples brought about a steady decrease in the population of Staphylococcus and Salmonella within 2hrs, after about 2hrs, the samples of staphylococcus and salmonella treated with MgOCZWNC continued to show continuity in its mitigative effect at decreasing the population of the bacteria with time while the staphylococcus and salmonella sample treated with MgZBONC experienced a slightly steady drop in their effectiveness after same Nanocomposite period. The MgZBONC adsorbed cadmium ions more effectively and the MgOCZWNC was more efficient in severely reducing the population of staphylococcus and salmonella in contaminated water.
Bird Composition, Abundance and Diversity across Habitat Types in Shere Hills Reserve, Plateau State, Nigeria
This study examined bird composition, abundance and diversity in Shere Hills Reserve, Jos Plateau, North Central Nigeria. The region, characterized by a savanna ecosystem interspersed with rocky outcrops and gallery forests, has a mean annual rainfall of 1,260 mm and a temperature range of 19.4°C to 34.5°C. Bird surveys were conducted across 65 points using the point count method, stratified by habitat type: gallery forest, savanna, and rocky outcrops. Observations were made daily between 6:30 a.m. and 10:30 a.m., and species were identified using ‘Birds of Western Africa’ field guide. A total of 6,427 birds representing 142 species and 53 families were recorded. Gallery forests exhibited the highest species composition (121 species), followed by savannas (111 species), and rocky outcrops (108 species). Notable species included Blue-breasted Kingfisher in gallery forests, Chestnut-backed Sparrow Lark in savannas, and Rock-loving Cisticola in rocky habitats. Despite these differences in species composition, bird abundance and diversity did not vary significantly across habitats (F2, 585 = 0.59, p = 0.56). The savanna (1.92 ± 0.03) and gallery forest (1.91 ± 0.03) had slightly higher diversity compared to rocky outcrops (1.87 ± 0.03). The findings underscore the importance of habitat heterogeneity in supporting avian biodiversity in Shere Hills Reserve, with gallery forests and savannas contributing significantly to species richness and diversity.
Air Quality Index prediction using Deep learning for Lagos State in Nigeria
The index for expressing air quality is known as the air quality index (AQI). It could be used to evaluate the effect of air pollution on a one’s health over a epoch of time which provides a guide to the community on the adverse health effects of air pollution around them. This paper focused on developing a model for AQI prediction using Deep learning for Lagos state in Nigeria. The study acquired dataset from the OpenWeatherMap API which includes historical air quality and meteorological for Lagos State in Nigeria. Data was preprocessed by handling missing values, converting data types into numerical format using one-hot encoding. The study applied SMOTE technique to ensure balanced dataset. Four distinct Models such as LSTM, CNN, Prophet and SVR were utilized to determine the AQI of Lagos State. The results of balanced datasets used revealed LSTM provides the lowest MSE, RMSE and MAE values of 0.062, 0.249 and 0.149 respectively and higher R2 value of 0.968 compared with the other model CNN, Prophet and SVR. The paper concluded that in the prediction of the AQI for Lagos State, LSTM outperformed other models such as CNN, Prophet Model and SVR on the validating metrics known as MSE, RMSE, MAE and R2. The model obtained could be subjected to further research in other geographic regions, such as Delta State or other state by state level analysis which could be expanded to forecast other pollution indices at different levels.