Lafia Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research
The Lafia Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research (LJSIR) is a peer-reviewed international research journal published by the Faculty of Physical Sciences and Faculty of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Lafia. It publishes original research papers twice a year (April and October) in all fields of Agriculture, Science, Engineering, and Technology. LJSIR is dedicated to promoting research activities in a multidisciplinary approach with an emphasis on contemporary issues relevant to society at large. p-ISSN: 3026-9288 e-ISSN: 3027-1800
Faculty of Science, Federal University of Lafia
Rhizosphere Microbial Community Structure of Transgenic versus Non-Transgenic Maize Varieties
The soil rhizosphere community is an important indicator of the overall health of the plant, and the resulting yield at harvest. The study determined the rhizosphere microbial community structure of transgenic and non-transgenic maize plants. A farm plot was divided into 4 sections for transgenic maize (SAMMAZ 74T) and non-transgenic variety 8325-8. The maize was infected at the tasseling stage and phenolic content determined after 10 days. The microbial community indices were subsequently determined using metagenomic tools. The physicochemical parameters and microbial population of the soil for maize 8325-8 and SAMMAZ 74T were not significantly differently at P<0.05. The soil with infected maize were the most diverse with Shannon index 1.834. The soil with infected maize were the most diverse with Shannon index 1.834. The transgenic maize SAMMAZ 74T had the highest dominance of bacteria (0.2536) and fungi (0.10930). Proteobacteria was the predominant bacteria phylum while Ascomycota was the predominant fungal phylum. The study concludes that the non-transgenic maize had better contribution to the soil microbial community than the transgenic maize variety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Olukayode Olugbenga Orole, Oluwatosin Okunade, Bashir Sani, Grace Kwala, Stella Ladi Ageba, Timothy Adejumo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Terrestrial Extremophiles as a Potential Source of Novel Antibiotics to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens
Human and animal health are increasingly affected by multidrug-resistant pathogens despite efforts to address the challenge. Research focus, shifted to microorganisms from extreme environments as possible sources of antibiotics and metabolites to halt this menace of resistance in pathogens. This paper explores the rich collection of metabolites produced by these microorganisms, their environment, and their applications. Given their intricate nature, these organisms may harbor mechanisms for producing novel metabolites and antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. We highlight recent advances in the isolation, screening, and characterization of antibiotic-producing extremophiles from their harsh terrestrial environments. Studying the diverse chemical scaffolds and mechanisms of action in these microbes can inform the development of effective antimicrobials. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and prospects of harnessing the vast array of terrestrial microorganisms in extreme environments to combat antibiotic resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adedotun Adefolalu, Olukayode Orole, Oluwatosin Shittu, Peter Abioye, Evans Egwim, Emmanuel Oluwabusola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Delineation of Lithology-based Radiogenic Heat Production from the Analysis of Airborne Radiometric Data of Azara and Environs, North-Central Nigeria
This study offers new insights into naturally occurring radioactive minerals in the Azara area and its environs, focusing on their impact on radiogenic heat production (RHP) for exploration geothermal energy. The radiometric data were analysed in relation to the lithology of the study area to determine the contribution of each lithologic unit to the estimated RHP. The study assessed radioelement concentrations, spatial distributions, and statistical summaries for each lithologic unit. Using radiometric data, the study mapped and analysed the spatial occurrence of potassium (K), thorium (eTh), and uranium (eU). The results show average concentrations of 1.23 % for K, 12.15 ppm for eTh, and 3.38 ppm for eU. Compared with crustal averages, K levels were lower, while eTh and eU levels were slightly higher. Radioelement abundance varied across rock types, with the highest concentrations in shales, siltstones, and sandstones. Estimated RHP values ranged from 0.90 to 2.70 uWm−3, with an average of 1.70 uWm−3. The estimated RHP value falls within the typical crustal range but is below the 4.0 uWm−3 threshold for a viable geothermal energy source.
Copyright (c) 2026 Egede O. Sunday, Okwokwo I. Oke, Sawuta M. John, Kwaghhua I. Fidelis, Adekemi B. Adegoke, Adewumi Taiwo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Ecological Health Risk Evaluation of Potentially Toxic Metals in Saline Soils Used for Table Salt Production in Awe Salt Mining Community of Nasarawa State
The assessment of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in saline soils used for table salt production is critically important because salinity can enhance the solubility and transport of metals in soils. This study assessed the concentrations, contamination and ecological risks of selected PTMs in saline soils used for table salt production in Awe Salt Mining Community, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for metal (Al, As, Cr, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentration using Genius-IF energy dispersive X–ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer. Enrichment factor (EF), geo–accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cd), pollution load index (PLI) and ecological risk assessment (ERA) were evaluated using the measured concentrations of the PTMs. Result showed that Fe (37112.29±377.59–117044.29±993.20) was the most abundant metal. Elevated levels of Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn in the investigated saline soils exceeding their respective average shale reference levels, were observed. EF values indicated that the investigated saline soils have very high enrichment of Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn. CF values showed that Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Mn are probably responsible for the high contamination. Cd and PLI revealed high degree of contamination for all investigated saline soils. The presence Co, Cu and Hg may probably be the key controlling factor causing the potential ecological risk. These findings have provided valuable information for effective environmental management strategies and policy to alleviate the influence of PTMs generated from table salt mining environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jude Chinedu Onwuka, Daniel Apeh Egyegbola, Bako Danjuma, Amos Idzi Ambo, Bilyamin Ishaq, Enebi Estella Jasper, Gladys Nkeiruka Onwuka, Lucy Ooja Agho, Adamu Usman, Agu Matthew Onyema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in staple crops is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in sub-Saharan Africa. Although plant extracts like Azadirachta indica (neem) and Curcuma longa (turmeric) are proposed as low-cost detoxificants, their in vivo efficacy and safety profiles are inadequately characterized. This study first quantified aflatoxin contamination in 300 stored groundnut samples from Nasarawa State, Nigeria, using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Concurrently, the detoxification potential and toxicity of aqueous extracts of these botanicals were evaluated in an albino rat model. Rats were divided into groups and treated via oral gavage for 28 days with AFB1 alone or in combination with either C. longa or low- (1000 mg/kg) or high-dose (5000 mg/kg) A. indica extract. Serum biochemistry was analyzed using standard diagnostic kits. The groundnut analysis revealed widespread contamination, with 51.3% of samples exceeding the USFDA safety limit (20 µg/kg) and AFB1 levels as high as 1791 µg/kg. In the rat model, high-dose A. indica (5000 mg/kg) significantly elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (92.56 vs. 76.23 IU/L in controls, P < 0.003) and reduced total protein, indicating hepatotoxicity. C. longa showed no significant biochemical alterations. These findings highlight a serious public health risk from aflatoxin exposure and reveal a dose-dependent hepatotoxicity that severely limits the therapeutic use of high-dose neem extract. The promotion of plant-based detoxification requires caution, underscoring the urgent need to improve post-harvest storage infrastructure to mitigate contamination at its source.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pedro Akharenegbe, Aleruchi Chuku, Maryam Isah, Hannah Eyo Nsemoh, Bashiru Eya Sani, Amina Ladidi Musa, Isah Ibrahim Okposhi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Hyperacusis, characterized by increased sensitivity to sounds, presents growing challenges for effective diagnosis and intervention. This study utilizes graph theoretical metrics, specifically the calculation of the metric dimension of a graph to visualize and quantify the intricate network of interactions within the etiological landscape of Hyperacusis and it‟s potential causes. By constructing a graph H = (V,E) , where nodes (V) represent factors such as aging, trauma, infections, depression, and migraines, and edges (E) model their interactions, we calculate the metric dimension (β (H)) to identify critical factors. To further address the inherent complexity of calculating the resolving set for such a complex graph, the shortest path algorithm was utilized to determine the minimal resolving set, enhancing the precision and efficiency of the metric dimension analysis. This network-centric approach provides insights into the importance and interdependencies of these causes, reducing the complexity from thirteen possible factors to six key contributors. These findings offer a framework for targeted clinical interventions, contributing to the broader understanding of Hyperacusis etiology and improving patient management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hassan Ibrahim, Amechi Innocent Ezike, Vanenchii Petter Ayoo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Nutritional Assessment of Children Living with HIV/AIDS in Selected HAART-Providing Hospitals in Abia State, Nigeria
Malnutrition happens when the body lacks enough essential nutrients. Children are more vulnerable than adults and face greater risks of serious health problems from poor nutrition. This study examined nutritional assessment for children living with HIV/AIDS. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 respondents at three HAART-providing hospitals in Abia State, namely Abia State University Teaching Hospital (ABSUTH), Seventh-day Adventist Hospital, and Living World Hospital. The study revealed that most caregivers were aged 30–34 years, with a mean age of 33.7 years, and nearly half of the children were between 5 and 9 years old. While over 80% of caregivers knew the classes of food, only about half identified proper child nutrition, and many were unaware of the link between HIV and malnutrition. Exclusive breastfeeding was practiced by 55%. Children’s diets were predominantly carbohydrate-based due to low income. About 38% had recent diarrhea, and 66% were on ART. Anthropometric results showed most children within normal growth percentiles, likely reflecting ART adherence and moderate caregiver nutrition knowledge. The study concluded that although caregivers showed moderate awareness of nutrition, socioeconomic challenges and limited understanding of the relationship between HIV and malnutrition affect dietary diversity and child health outcomes. Based on the findings, it is recommended that continuous nutrition education be provided for caregivers of HIV-positive children, focusing on balanced diets and the nutritional impact of HIV. Government and NGOs should also support income-generating programs and provide nutritional supplements to improve dietary quality and child well-being.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ogbuta Philip Kelechukwu, Echibuogu Nelson Tochukwu , Ajah Precious Amarachi , Ndubuisi Matthew Obinna, Afolabi Oluwatuyi Samson (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Larvicidal Efficacy of Citrus sinensis Peel Extract against Culex quinquefasciatus
Culex quinquefasciatus, a vector of lymphatic filariasis and many other arboviral infections, remains a major public health concern, especially in regions lacking access to modern vector control tools. Growing resistance to synthetic insecticides has driven interest in eco-friendly alternatives, including plant-based larvicides such as Citrus sinensis (orange) peels. This study evaluated the larvicidal activity of ethanolic C. sinensis peel extract against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae under laboratory conditions. Air-dried orange peels were pulverized and subjected to cold maceration in ethanol. Extracts were tested at concentration of 100–8,333 ppm on third to early fourth instar larvae, with four replicates per concentration. Mortality was recorded at 24 and 48 hours. LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were determined using linear interpolation. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test at a 5% significance level. High concentrations (1,667–8,333 ppm) caused complete mortality (25.00 ± 0.00) within five minutes, with no significant difference among treatments (p > 0.05). At moderate concentrations, mortality followed a dose-response trend: 400 ppm resulted in 54% and 57% mortality at 24 and 48 hours, while 800 and 1000 ppm achieved 100% mortality at both time points. Estimated LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were 385.2 and 713.0 ppm. No control group mortality was recorded throughout the study. C. sinensis peel extract exhibits potent larvicidal activity against Cx. Quinquefasciatus, particularly at concentrations above 400 ppm. Its efficacy low cost and availability suggest potential as a natural component in integrated mosquito control strategies, particularly in resource-limited settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oluwaseun Adegbola Adesoye, Fatima Salihu, Susan Oluwaponmile Adetutu, Israel Oluwansola Akinsete, Oluwatoyin Adeola Oyeniran, Nyadar Palmah Mutah, Ayodele Babalola, Adedapo Adeogun, Adedayo Michael Awoniyi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Proton Beam Therapy-Based Computation in the Treatment of Human Ovarian and Liver Cancer using Srim
Proton beam therapy is a promising technique used to cure various types of cancer diseases in the human body. This technique can selectively damage cancer cells while leaving surrounding cells unaffected thereby minimizing collateral damage to the healthy cells. The position and the width of the cancerous cells are determined to calculate the energy required to destroy the affected cells. The energy loss to the damaged cells and other body parts is calculated separately with high accuracy. Computational analysis indicates that proton beams with energies of 46 MeV, 47 MeV, and 48 MeV effectively destroy localized cancerous cells of the ovary from the epithelial cells to the more invasive cancerous growth while proton beam energy range of 50 MeV to 89 MeV should be considered for the treatment of liver cancer of both the periphery tumours and tumours in the hilum. Transport of ions in matter (TRIM) data shows that more than 80% of proton energy is given off during ion bombardment at Bragg’s peak, while the remaining percentage is lost by phonon production and by recoils.
Copyright (c) 2023 Lafia Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Fatty Acid Profiles, Physicochemical Characteristics and Phytosterols of Three Underexploited Fruit Kernels and Pulps from North-East, Nigeria
This paper examines the fatty-acid profiles, physicochemical properties, functional lipid indices and phytosterol composition of oils in the kernels and pulps of three underexploited fruits namely; Hyphaene thebaica (Doum palm), Diospyros mespiliformis (Jackal-berry), and Detarium senegalense (Sweet detar) as found in North-East Nigeria. The standard analytical techniques were used for different analyses. Physicochemical measurements indicated obvious species- and tissue-specific differences, Doum palm kernel having the highest acid and viscosity, and peroxide levels were low in all samples, meaning there were minimal oxidative damages. The oils were anaesthetized by colour parameters (CIELAB) as being light, with mild rates of the green-yellow liquids and sample-specific brightness. The fatty-acid analysis showed the highest level of myristic acid (8.27 %) in jackal-berry kernel and the highest content of oleic acid (30.20 %) in sweet detar pulp. Linoleic and α-linolenic acids were present in physiologically relevant amounts, the highest values recorded in jackal–berry pulp (28.50 %) and jackal–berry kernel (16.83 %), respectively. The quality of lipid indices showed positive nutritional profiles with MUFA/SFA and PUFA/SFA ratios being over 1.00 with low atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices and ω-6/ω-3 ratios in the anti-inflammatory range values. Phytostersol analysis revealed that sweet detar pulp has the highest sitosterol (0.823 mg/100 g) and ergosterol (0.653 mg/100 g); doum kernels showed high level of campesterol (0.747 mg/100 g) and avenasterol (0.83 mg/100 g). Generally, these results highlighted the nutritional value, biochemical composition, and functional prospects of these underexploited fruit oils, thereby recommending them as foods, nutraceutical and cosmetic ingredients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Matthew Olaleke Aremu, Emmanuel Ezekiel, Abdullahi Usman, Idzi Amos Ambo, Jude Chinedu Onwuka, Hamza Ibrahim Muhammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessment of the Perception of Malaria Prevention among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Obiozara Health Center Uburu, Ohaozara, Ebonyi State
Malaria infection during pregnancy remains a serious public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions, threatening the wellbeing of mothers, fetuses, and newborns. In Nigeria, it remains a leading cause of maternal mortality. This study investigated the perception of malaria prevention among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Obiozara Health Center, Uburu, Ohaozara, Ebonyi State. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used, involving 200 respondents (pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at Obiozara Health Center, Uburu, Ohaozara, Ebonyi State). The study revealed a high level of awareness about malaria prevention among pregnant women, with 89.9% acknowledging that malaria during pregnancy is dangerous and preventable. The most commonly adopted preventive method was the use of mosquito coils and sprays (53%), followed by sleeping under insecticide-treated nets (96%), clearing bushes (35%), and destroying stagnant water (24%). However, a few respondents relied on ineffective or incorrect practices such as eating well, avoiding sunlight, or drinking herbal mixtures. The major challenges identified in malaria prevention were economic and behavioral factors, including the inability to afford mosquito nets (16%) and discomfort associated with sleeping under them (22%). Based on these findings, the study recommended improving the affordability and comfort of malaria prevention methods by promoting locally suitable mosquito nets and encouraging consistent use. It also suggested targeted community education to dispel misconceptions about malaria causes and prevention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ajah Precious Amarachi , Ogbuta Philip Kelechukwu, Kalu Patience Ogbuta, Ajah Rosemary Ogechukwu, Afolabi Oluwatuyi Samson (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antibiotic Resistant Patterns of Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Clinical Stool Samples in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Salmonella infections is a major public health concern, resource limited area such as Nasarawa State in Nigeria were the prevalence of drug resistant strains is in the increase. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella serotypes obtained from clinical stool samples of patients from selected health facilities in Nasarawa State. A cross sectional study design was used in this study. A total of four hundred and fifty (450) stool samples were collected from patients showing symptoms of salmonellosis. Samples collected were cultured on selective media, and the isolates were identified and serotyped using biochemical tests and agglutination reactions respectively. The study identified 18 positive cases, with Salmonella enterica accounting for 94% of infections and S. bongori representing the remaining 6%. Eight distinct serovars were detected, with S. ser. Typhimurium (33%) and S. ser. Enteritidis (22%) being the most prevalent. Other serovars included S. ser. Typhi (11%), S. ser. Heidelberg (11%), S. ser. Agona, S. ser. Paratyphi B, S. ser. Huaian, and S. bongori (6% each). Serovar diversity was higher among male patients, while infection prevalence peaked among individuals aged 41–50 years. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed high resistance to Augmentin and erythromycin, while cotrimoxazole, nitrofurantoin, and gentamicin demonstrated efficacy against most isolates. These findings indicate the need for continuous surveillance of Salmonella serotypes and antibiotic resistance patterns to guide treatment and control strategies. This study provides critical epidemiological data for managing Salmonella infections in Nasarawa State and informs public health interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dantani Dauda Odonye, Joseph F. Nfongeh , Femi A. Gbadeyan, Adamu Abisabo, Shuaibu U. Okposhi , Enoch P. Odonye , Oluwatosin A. Okunade (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Enhancing Energy Distribution Efficiency with Dynamic Transformer Rotation in 11kV Networks
This study presents the optimisation of transformer-to-feeder load allocation within an 11kV distribution network to improve energy distribution efficiency, minimise transformer overload, and enhance system balance. The analysis utilised over five years of energy consumption data for three 11kV feeders: Auchi Town, Igbei Road, and GRA, supported by five transformers of varying capacities (30 MVA, 15 MVA, and 40 MVA units), with the largest introduced in 2021. A simulation framework using MATLAB and a Genetic Algorithm (GA) was developed to dynamically optimise transformer assignments based on feeder demand, transformer capacity, and operational constraints. Performance evaluation focused on the energy loss proxy, transformer overload occurrence, and maximum per-unit loading. The optimised configuration introduced reassignment, leading to balanced capacity utilisation. The GA reached an optimal solution zone rapidly, stabilising by the 61st generation with a consistent best fitness value of 1012.03, suggesting the methodology is both robust and practical. Transformer overloads were completely avoided in both baseline and optimised allocations, confirming assignments remained within rated limits. Loss proxy values under the optimised configuration increased slightly, reflecting broader transformer engagement, while maximum per-unit loading values remained safely below critical thresholds. Compared to the baseline's fixed pairings, the optimised structure provided improved asset utilisation and greater operational flexibility. The recommendations include integrating the model with existing SCADA systems for real-time deployment, incorporating operational switching costs into the optimisation function, and exploring scalability for larger networks to transition this research into a fully deployable power management solution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jewel Idehen, Dennis Okonkwo, Michael Atu, Ikenna Onyegbadue (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Determination of Antibiotic-Resistant Genes in Bacteria from Borehole Water Samples in Kaduna Metropolis
The persistence of drug-resistant microorganisms in environmental water sources, particularly boreholes, presents growing challenges for public health, especially within densely populated urban locales. In Kaduna Metropolis, borehole water serves as a crucial means of potable water supply; however, the infiltration of bacteria with antibiotic resistance into these sources represents a concerning vector for advancing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This investigation explored the genetic mechanisms of bacterial strains retrieved from borehole water across four administrative districts Chikun, Igabi, Kaduna North, and Kaduna South spanning dry and wet climatic periods. A cumulative total of 200 samples were acquired and subjected to bacteriological assessment using established culture-based methodologies. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques were utilized to screen for specific resistance-related genes, including blaTEM, gyrA, sul1, and PBP2a. Molecular screening identified multiple resistance determinants, with sul1 being the most frequently encountered. These findings point to the role of borehole water systems in harboring resistant microbial populations and underline environmental contributions to AMR transmission. The identified geographical and seasonal disparities in bacterial occurrence further emphasize the impact of regional infrastructure and environmental dynamics, reinforcing the call for sustained monitoring and proactive public health strategies, even in the absence of seasonal or locational trends in resistance behavior.
Copyright (c) 2026 Precious Opeyemi Oghenetega , Nkechi Eucharia Egbe, Jeremiah Appah, Chukwudi Kingsley Onuh , Abba Umar Hassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Enhancing the Power Conversion Efficiency of Dye-sensitized Solar Cells through Natural Dye Optimization
This study evaluates the electrical performance of dye‑sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabricated with six natural dyes and a commercial ruthenium reference (N719). Using engineered datasets that mirror typical laboratory outcomes, we analyze charge transport, interfacial resistance, and photovoltaic metrics (Jsc, Voc, FF, PCE). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) parameters and ultraviolet-visible absorption characteristics are presented alongside IV and Nyquist analyses. Statistical testing (one‑way ANOVA and pairwise comparisons) demonstrates that while N719 retains superior mean PCE (~8.3%), certain natural dyes such as Blackberry and Red Cabbage achieve competitive PCEs (≈3–3.6%) with lower charge‑transfer resistances than other naturals. Regression and correlation analyses show PCE is driven predominantly by Jsc and FF, with Rct exerting a strong negative influence. We propose engineering interventions including nanostructured TiO₂, co‑sensitization and optimized redox electrolytes to close the gap between natural dyes and commercial standards. This work frames natural dyes within an electrical‑engineering optimization path for low‑cost, sustainable DSSCs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ogbonnaya Udonsi Uduma, Muhammad Uthman, Aliyu O. Sani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparative Analysis of the Nutritional and Anti-nutritional Compositions of Mango (Mangifera indica), Pawpaw (Carica papaya) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Sold in Lafia Modern Market, Nigeria
The study examined the nutrition and anti–nutritional compositions of mango, pawpaw and pineapple using standard analytical techniques. The result of proximate composition showed that mango has higher fat, ash, crude fibre, moisture, carbohydrate, fatty acid and energy contents than pawpaw and pineapple, while pawpaw has higher crude protein value than mango and pineapple. The antinutrient composition of the samples revealed that pineapple has higher oxalate, alkaloids, tannins and phytate than mango and pawpaw. The results of amino acid composition revealed that Leucine was the most concentrated essential amino acid (EAA) in mango, pawpaw and pineapple, with the values of 4. 61, 5.02 and 5.60 g/100 g cp respectively. It was also found that Tryptophan was the least concentrated essential amino acid in the three samples with a value of 0.84, 0.92 and 0.63 g/l00 g in mango, pawpaw and pineapple, respectively. The calculated isoelectric points (pI) for mango, pawpaw and pineapple fruits were 6.09, 6.83 and 5.97, respectively. The P–PER values were 1.83, 1.67 and 1.80 for the mango, pawpaw and pineapple fruit samples, respectively. The study revealed that the three fruits were good sources of nutrients needed by the body and were low in anti-nutrients. Their consumption is highly recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Matthew Olaleke Aremu, Mujidat Adeola Alabi, Ismail Abdullahi Hamad, Stella Chintua Ortutu, Halima Eshi Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Radionuclide Concentrations in Drinking Water level of Dennis Osadebay University, Asaba, Delta State
Potassium (40K), Uranium (238U) and Thorium (232Th) are radionuclides that are present in drinking water sources naturally or artificially. The exposure of humans and animals to these radionuclides in minute doses may cause chronic health issues in the future. This work analyzed the level of activity concentrations of Potassium 40K, 238U and 232Th in borehole water used for drinking and other domestic activities. Twenty-nine (29) samples were collected in a one-litre cylindrical air-tight polyvinylchloride container, thoroughly washed and sterilised. The samples were analyzed using a well-calibrated thallium-activated 3x3 Sodium Iodide NaI(Tl) detector at the Institute of Radiation Protection and Research (NIRPR). The results of the analyses showed that the activity concentrations of 40K, 238U and 232Th have mean values of 110.39 ± 19.21, 9.35 ± 2.01, and 5.21 ± 2.56, respectively, which were all above the world average recommended values of WHO and UNSCEAR. Therefore, the use of the water for drinking is toxic and detrimental to the physiology and the overall health status of the consumers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Victor E. Agbeyi, Oghenevovwero E. Esi, Johnson O. Etaghene (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Low-Cost Weather Station Assessment of Urban Heat Island Compared with ERA5 Reanalysis Data
Rapidly urbanizing regions usually experience urban heat islands with the attendant environmental and public health challenges. This study has used a low-cost LILYGO T-SIM7000G board with BME280 as a sensor to assess the UHI Index and compare such results with those obtained from the Copernicus ERA5-Land reanalysis data. The result shows a bias of about 1.36 in the UHI Index against the ERA5-Land data; this bias can be mitigated by applying a corrective offset. It was also observed that the ambient temperature in Lafia city has been consistently increasing between the years 1980 and 2024 by about 0.017 oC per year, with the highest increase recorded in the year 2024. The highest diurnal value of the UHI Index was observed around 1500 hours, while the lowest nighttime value was observed at around 0600 hours; this finding agrees with results as observed in other studies. This study has shown the importance of adopting low-cost components in monitoring environmental variables such as the UHI Index in low-income areas of the world, where funding may pose problems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abubakar Musa, Taiwo Adewumi, Sani Muhammad, Oladiran Johnson Abimbola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Application of the Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method to aTime-Fractional Heat Equation
This work deals with the numerical solution of a time-fractional heat equation where a Caputo fractional derivative of order 0 is used in place of the traditional first-order time derivative. This change improves the model's capacity to represent anomalous diffusion behavior and memory effects, which are frequently seen in intricate engineering and physical systems. Applying and evaluating the Fractional Reduced Differential Transform Method (FRDTM) to solve this fractional-order partial differential equation is the aim of this work. The Fractional Variational Iteration Method (FVIM) was used to validate the findings. For different fractional orders, namely, and the classical case where with a known exact solution, two numerical examples were performed. The findings demonstrate that FRDTM offers extremely stable and accurate solutions that closely match the exact solution in the classical case. When it comes to capturing the change from rapid decay at lower fractional orders to more sustained solution profiles as the order increases, the FRDTM performs better than the FVIM. The differences between the two methods demonstrate FRDTM's superior convergence and accuracy across all cases considered. Finally, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of FRDTM as a reliable semi-analytical tool for solving fractional heat problems, and it contributes to advancing computational approaches for solving partial differential equations in science and engineering.
Copyright (c) 2025 Franklin Olusodayo Ogunfiditimi, Blessing Omojo Akogwu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Multi-Sensor Satellite Data Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Air Pollution in Abuja FCT and Adjoining States in Nigeria
Nigeria’s Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Abuja has witnessed rapid urbanization, and this urbanization has significantly impacted the development of neighbouring states with the attendant increase in air pollution. This study presents a comprehensive multi-sensor satellite assessment of the spatiotemporal fluctuations of key pollutants—nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxides (SO₂), carbon (II) oxides (CO), methane (CH₄), ozone (O₃), and formaldehyde (HCHO), and the absorbing aerosol index (AI)—across Abuja and its neighbouring states (Nasarawa, Kogi, Niger, and Kaduna) from 2019 to 2024. Using satellite remote sensing data from Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI together with other atmospheric data, the temporal dynamics of pollutants and their connections to parameters such as ambient temperature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and precipitation have been investigated. NO2 and HCHO were found to be increasing around Suleja, Abuja, and Lokoja, as SO2 and CO were found to be decreasing, indicating an improved efficient use of fuel and emission control. A positive correlation (r = 0.62) between precipitation and ozone was found, showing there is more convective transport and photochemical production during the rainy season. The effects of plants on the absorption of air pollution were shown through the negative correlations between NDVI, CO, and AI. Methane, on the other hand, moved from north to south in space, which was the same direction as changes in the intensity of farming. The findings show how unified policies, such as proper city planning, vegetation protection, and emission reduction, are important in sprawling urban areas for air pollution reduction.
Copyright (c) 2025 John Okon James , Taiwo Adewumi, Omotayo May Durodola, Rita Nwamaka Okonkwo, Oladiran Johnson Abimbola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Hybridization on the Tensile Properties of S-glass Fibre/Nanoclay/Epoxy Composites
three groups of composites were fabricated: glass/epoxy composites A, B,C,D,E and F which contains 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt. % glassfibre reinforcement respectively. Naonclay/epoxy composite B, C, D, E and F, with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt.% nanoclay content respectively. Hybrid composites B, C,D, and F, contain equal amount of epoxy ( 60 wt. %), 39, 38, 37, 36, and 35 wt. % glassfibre and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt. % nanoclay content respectively. Sample A is the Control sample with 100 wt. % epoxy. Tensile properties of S-glassfibre/nanoclay/epoxy hybird nanocomposite E, which contains 60 wt. % epoxy, 4 wt & nanoclay and 36 wt. % glassfibre was found to be the overall best performing composite in the mechanical properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bisike Chidiebere Egere, Lawal Omeiza Yusuf, Philip Abubakar, Sunday Adaogoshi Eya, Catherine Okaigbo Oseshi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Assessing Groundwater Potential and Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation at Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Northcentral Nigeria
Groundwater is used in industry, agriculture, and drinking. Quality must be checked regularly. This study assessed Federal University of Lafia groundwater potential for drinking and irrigation. Fifteen groundwater samples were analyze and nine Schlumberger geo-electrical soundings were carried out. The results were compared to Water Quality Index and World Health Organization drinking water standards. IP2WIN software was used to smoothed field data for models, geo-electric layers, and sounding curves. KH, QH, H, and Q curve types were obtained. Sandstone, top soil, and sandy shale exhibit varying resistivities, indicating variation in geology. The area has high aquifer protection capacity and moderate to high water potentials. The physicochemical parameters are within WHO drinking permissible limits, except for nitrate which is above the limit. Which implies contamination. The samples are excellent source of water based on water quality index. The study uses Kelly's ratio, magnesium adsorption ratio, sodium adsorption ratio, and chloro-alkaline indices to determine their suitability for irrigation. All the samples are good for irrigation with the exception of the magnesium adsorption ratio, which indicates that samples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 are above 50%, indicating a negative impact on crop yield as the soil becomes more alkaline. Based on the results, the area has high groundwater potentials but poorly good for irrigation. Therefore, isotopic and geothermal analysis of the water samples in the area is necessary, in order to ascertain the exact sources of water in the area
Copyright (c) 2025 Lafia Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of Luffa (Luffa cylindrica) and Banana (Musa acuminata) Fibre Reinforced Recycled Low-Density Polyethylene (rLDPE)
In response to the environmental concerns posed by low-density polyethylene (LDPE) pollution, this study explores the potential of natural fibers—specifically banana and luffa fibers—as reinforcements in recycled LDPE composites. Composites were fabricated by blending post-consumer rLDPE with banana and luffa fibers at weight ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Mechanical properties: tensile strength, flexural strength, elongation at break, and impact resistance tests were evaluated. Results showed that banana fiber composites exhibited an increase in tensile strength from 12.4 MPa to 13.99 MPa with increasing fiber content (10%–30%), The flexural strength decreases from 125.9 MPa at, 105MPa, and 92.74 MPa at 30% of fibre loading, while elongation at break, the elongation increases from 14.51% at 10% to 35.31% at 30%. However, both flexural strength and impact resistance decreased with increased fiber loading, likely due to poor fiber-matrix interfacial bonding. Optimal performance for banana-reinforced composites was observed at 30% fiber content for tensile strength, and at 10% for flexural strength. In contrast, luffa fiber composites showed a decrease in tensile strength from 11.84 MPa to 10.07 MPa as fiber content increased, attributed to weak interfacial adhesion. Flexural strength increased from 10MPa to 57.78MPa fiber loading. Elongation decreased from 44.62%-25%, but slightly increased 25%-28% as fibre loading increases due to poor fiber-matrix interfacial bonding. Overall, banana fiber demonstrated more consistent and favorable mechanical performance than luffa, particularly in tensile properties, highlighting its potential as a sustainable reinforcement material in rLDPE composites to mitigate plastic waste and reduce environmental impact.
Copyright (c) 2025 Osuegba Osuendo Solomon, U. Adamu, S. Mamman, O. B. Aduke, S. Yusuf, D. P. Habila, B. M. Nathaniel, K. H. Uzeru (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Use of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Software for Drafting Patterns for Training Students of Home and Rural Economics College of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Lafia
This study explored the use of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software for drafting patterns for training students of Home and Rural Economics in Nasarawa State. Four research questions guided the study which include; what is type of CAD software suitable for pattern drafting? How can CAD instructional materials be developed effectively for students training? What is the importance of integrating CAD into pattern drafting education? What are the challenges of using CAD software in teaching pattern drafting? Research and Development (R&D) design was adopted. Fifty respondents, comprising staff and students of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, College of Agriculture, Science, and Technology Lafia, participated. Structured questionnaire titled “Questionnaire on the Use of CAD for Drafting Patterns as Instructional Material Questionnaire (CADPATTIQ). A Four point rating scale of Strongly Agreed (SA)4, Agreed(A)3, Disagreed(DA)2, and Strongly Disagreed. (SD)1.CAD software such as CorelDraw and Auto CAD were used to develop basic garment patterns including; bodice, skirts, trousers, and sleeves. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and evaluated using mean and Standard Deviation analysis. The results indicated that the use of CAD enhanced precision, creativity, speed, and technological literacy among students. The CAD materials were highly accepted, and respondents agreed that CAD offers significant economic and educational advantages. It is recommended that CAD be integrated into tertiary clothing and textile curricula to better align students with modern industry demands.
Copyright (c) 2025 Edith Samuel Nasara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of S-glass Fibre and Nanoclay on the Tensile Properties of Epoxy Composites: A Comparative Study
In this research work, the effect of S-glass fibre and nanoclay loading on the tensile properties of epoxy material are comparatively studied. Two groups of composites were fabricated, glass fibre/epoxy composites A, B, C, D, E, and F, which contains 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt.% S-glass fibre reinforcements respectively and nanoclay/epoxy composites A, B, C, D, E, and F with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt.% nanoclay content, respectively. Tensile property of the all the composites fabricated were analysed and findings reported. Glass fibre/epoxy composite E, which contains 60 wt.% epoxy, 40 wt.% glass fibre was found to be the overall best performing composite. It possesses the following qualities: 98.93 MPa tensile strength, 1336.90 MPa tensile modulus and 0.072 strain at break whereas the best result on the tensile properties for nanoclay/epoxy group composites was obtained from composite E, which contains 4 wt.% nanoclay and 96 wt.% epoxy. It has the following behaviour; 60.837 MPa tensile strength, 845.00 MPa tensile modulus and 0.072 strain at break. The composite fabricated are suitable for wide range of applications such as aerospace industry for aircraft panel and body parts, marine for ship and vessels body parts, automobile industry for car bumper and body parts and civil engineering or structural engineering for high rise building frames etc.
Synthesis, Compositional, Morphological, Structural, and Thermal Properties of Eggshell Calcium Oxide for Solar Photovoltaic Glass
The increasing demand for sustainable materials in engineering applications has prompted the exploration of eco-friendly alternatives. Conventional calcium oxide (CaO) production from limestone is energy-intensive and environmentally detrimental, prompting interest in biogenic alternatives such as poultry eggshell waste, predominantly composed of calcium carbonate. Despite extensive research into eggshell-derived CaO for catalytic and biomedical applications, its potential for photovoltaic glass applications, particularly considering region-specific variations in material properties, has not been adequately investigated. This study comprehensively evaluates CaO extracted from chicken eggshells sourced from Lafia Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria, to establish its suitability for photovoltaic glass manufacturing. The extraction process involved thermal calcination at 900 °C for two hours, followed by detailed compositional, morphological, structural, and thermal characterizations using XRF, SEM-EDS, XRD, and TGA techniques. The results demonstrated brilliant white powder with high compositional purity (98.58% CaO), nanoscale spherical morphology conducive to uniform integration in glass matrices, robust crystallinity beneficial for structural stability, and strong thermal resilience crucial for high-temperature processing. These findings highlight eggshell-derived CaO as an economically viable, sustainable, and high-performance alternative for PV glass manufacturing. Further studies are recommended to assess practical integration in PV glass formulations, long-term durability, study of farming systems, and lifecycle economic viability.
Practices of Pig Farmers and Porcine Salmonella occurrence in Nasarawa State
Abstract Farming practices such as the use of antibiotics, feed and feed additives, housing as well as biosecurity measures are important factors leading to spread and persistence of infectious agents and pathogens in farms, environment and transmission of infectious agents to humans. The aim of this study was to assess pig farmers practices and the occurrence of Porcine Salmonella in Nasarawa State of Nigeria. A total of 637 farmers were assessed across the tree agro-ecological zones of the State comprising of 13 local government areas using structured questionnaires alongside 637 fecal samples collected from pigs to determine the association between management practices, Biosecurity practices and general hygiene vis-a-vis Salmonella occurrence. The fecal samples were subjected to culture and isolation methods as described by ISO 6579: +A1:2007. Data from questionnaire responses were subjected to multivariate logistic regression analysis using Epi info version 7.2 to ascertain the risk factors. The study recorded Porcine Salmonella occurrence and observed gaps in knowledge and best farm practices such as farm sanitation practices, biosecurity measures, unhygienic containment methods, feed and water administration promoting the occurrence of Porcine Salmonella. A coordinated One-Health approached is recommended in order to curtail Salmonella transmission and safeguarding the environment from contamination and the health of pig farmers of Nasarawa State.
Electronic and Optical Properties of Rare Earth Atoms Doped Niobium Dichalcogenides NbX₂ (X=S, Se) Monolayers: A First Principle Study
A First-principles calculation has been carried out to study the electronic, and optical properties of RE (La and Sm) atoms doped monolayer NbX2 (X=S, Se). The properties are studied through the use of density functional theory (DFT) with Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof-generalized gradient approximation (PBE-GGA) as exchange correlation functional and Time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) as implementation in Quantum ESPRESSO code. The electronic band structures, as well as density of states (DOS) of these structures, show both are metallic in nature. The analysis of optical properties reveals that both La and Sm doped NbX2 (X= S, Se) Monolayer possess maximum absorptivity in the UV range of incident photon’s energy with minimum energy loss and decrease in reflectivity. Our complete study about the considered compounds describes them as potential candidates for technological applications in plasmonic and optoelectronic devices.
Time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT)
3 Point Block Backward Differentiation Formula with Multiple Off-Step Points for the Solution of Stiff Problems
In this study, a three-point block backward differentiation formula (3PBBDF) method is derived for solving first-order stiff initial value problems (IVPs) of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The newly proposed method is analyzed for its key properties and is found to be A-stable, zero-stable, and effective in handling stiff IVPs. To evaluate the performance of the 3PBBDF method, several stiff IVPs are solved, and the results are compared against existing numerical schemes. The comparison, based on tabulated results and plotted graphs, demonstrates that the proposed method offers superior accuracy in terms of error scaling over three competing methods and also outperforms two methods in terms of execution time. Consequently, the proposed 3PBBDF scheme proves to be an efficient tool for integrating stiff IVPs in ODEs
Impact of Cultural and Societal Factors on Stigma and Psychological Distress Experienced by Breast Cancer Patients in Abuja, Nigeria
This study was carried out to evaluate the impact of cultural and societal factors on stigma and psychological distress experienced by breast cancer patients in Abuja, Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were administered to collate data on the significance of stigma and psychological distress on breast cancer patients, as well as risk factors and their impacts on breast cancer patients in Abuja. The Distress Thermometer (DT) of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) was used to evaluate distress, while the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), was employed to evaluate emotional distress. A total of 348 respondents, comprising patients diagnosed with breast cancer aged 18 years and above in 2024, were considered for the study in three oncological centres in Abuja, Nigeria. Results of the study revealed that all respondents had experienced different forms of stigmatization due to their cancer status and lived with the feeling of being judged due to cancer, a total of 65.8% experienced discrimination from family and friends, 36.8% from strangers, 24.4% were discriminated by colleagues while 8.6% experienced discrimination from health workers. 44.5% of the respondents frequently experienced negative attitudes from people, 26.4% always had some forms of negative attitudes while 7.8% rarely experienced negative attitudes. The study established the prevalence of cancer care challenges such as stigmatization, cultural misconceptions, inadequate social and psychological support and limited access to medical services in healthcare centers in Abuja, Nigeria. Addressing these barriers requires a multi-faceted approach including public health education, expanded mental health services and improved healthcare infrastructure.