Lafia Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research
The Lafia Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research (LJSIR) is a peer-reviewed international research journal published by the Faculty of Physical Sciences and Faculty of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Lafia. It publishes original research papers twice a year (April and October) in all fields of Agriculture, Science, Engineering, and Technology. LJSIR is dedicated to promoting research activities in a multidisciplinary approach with an emphasis on contemporary issues relevant to society at large. p-ISSN: 3026-9288 e-ISSN: 3027-1800
Faculty of Science, Federal University of Lafia
Comparative Studies on Nutritive and Antinutritive Composition of Onions (Allium cepa) Bulb and Leaves
Onion (Allium cepa) is a popular food due to its typical taste and attributed medicinal importance. This paper compared the nutritional and antinutritional content of its bulbs and leaves. The proximate composition was determined through standard methods of analysis, and the amino acid profiles and the antinutrient contents were determined using the known procedures. The proximate composition (%) of the bulb and leaves, respectively, was as follows: crude protein (17.37, 3.78), fat (16.47, 3.24), ash (5.19, 11.47), crude fiber (5.31, 4.77), moisture (9.32, 3.37), and carbohydrates (46.38, 71.70). The predominant antinutrients identified included oxalate (22.14, 5.52%), alkaloids (19.71, 12.18%), flavonoids (22.11, 6.03%), and phytate (16.25 and 83.02 mg/100 g, respectively). The percentage of total essential amino acid (TEAA) values (with His) varied between 39.17% in the bulb and 48.27% in the leaves. Amino acid profiling showed that the two samples had an acidic nature. The highest concentration of essential amino acids in the bulb and the leaf samples was leucine, with 7.41 and 6.10 g/100 g crude protein, respectively. The non-essential amino acids showed glutamic acid (12.64 g/100 g crude protein) as the dominant amino acid in the bulb, while aspartic acid (5.80 g/100 g crude protein) was the highest in the leaves. These results highlight the nutritional value of Allium cepa and indicate its possible use as a dietary supplement. Proper intake of the bulbs as well as the leaves can make significant contributions towards fulfilling human nutritional and health requirements.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Matthew Olaleke Aremu, Benjamin Musa, Adeiza Jesse Omeiza, David Bala Passali, Dorcas Oluwakemi Aremu, Stella Chintua Ortutu, Mohammed Alhaji Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Crude and Nano Enhanced Antifungal Properties of Acalypha wilkesiana leaf extract against Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Trichophyton mentagrophytes is a dermatophyte fungus responsible for infections of keratinized tissues such as the skin, hair, and nails. This disease can be caused by poor hygiene, a warm environment, and an individual's weakened immune system. In this study, we examined the antifungal properties of crude and nano-enhanced Acalypha wilkesiana against T. mentagrophytes. Leaves of Acalypha wilkesiana were extracted with ethanol by maceration. Phytochemical analysis was conducted using conventional methods, and zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared using a green synthesis technique. The Antifungal potential of A. wilkesiana was evaluated using the agar well diffusion test and microdilution method. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, with a significance at P ≤ 0.001. The presence of alkaloids (5.82 ± 0.12 mg/g), flavonoids (8.35 ± 0.15 mg/g), and phenols (7.96 ± 0.21 mg/g) was noted during phytochemical screening. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis confirmed ten compounds in the extract. Among the compounds, palmitic acid had the highest percentage peak (18.2%) with a molecular weight of 256 and a retention time of 5.43 minutes. The nano-enhanced formulation demonstrated greater inhibition zones than the crude formulation. Particularly, nano-formulated A. wilkesiana demonstrated significant improvement in antifungal properties against T. mentagrophytes (F = 1,261.50; P ≤ 0.001), with a zone of inhibition of 32.00 ± 1.00 mm compared to 23.00 ± 1.00 mm for the crude extract. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values showed a dose-response effect on the fungi.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Ogbonnaya Nkechinyere Agwa, Owoseni Mojisola Christiana, Aleruchi Chuku, Nworie Chukwuemeka Richard (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Exploring the Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of the Association between Climate Variables and Post-Harvest Loss of Cassava across Benue State, Nigeria
Nigeria is reckoned as one of the world’s largest producers of cassava and contributes around 60 million tons annually. Despite its significance, post-harvest losses remain high within communities. This study investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics and influencing factors of PHLs across Benue State, Nigeria. By the integration of classical spatial statistics with Bayesian hierarchical modeling via the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA), the study analyzed how cassava PHL evolved over time across locations. Results from the study showed a consistent weak negative spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I ≈ −0.31, p ≈ 0.055–0.063), indicating no strong clustering of PHL values but a mild dispersion pattern. The Local Moran’s I (LISA) analysis revealed no statistically significant hotspots or outliers. It was observed that mean PHL values increased modestly from 29,968 in 2021 to 31,917 in 2024, and LGAs such as Ado, Ukum, and Ogbadibo recorded the highest losses, while Katsina-Ala, Obi, and Ado exhibited the strongest increasing trends. Temperature was identified as a small but credible positive predictor of PHL. Strong spatial random effects as highlighted in Ado (0.629), Ukum (0.541), and Kwande (−1.278) showed areas with significantly higher and lower losses, respectively, after controlling for climatic variables. By providing a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis of cassava PHLs across Benue State, our study fills a critical knowledge gap in agriculture and spatial statistics. The findings from this study provide location-specific intelligence and suggest that interventions should prioritize high-loss LGAs while adopting a mix of targeted and statewide strategies.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Tersugh Matthew Agera, Msugh Moses Kembe, Ayeni Omini Abam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Identification and Characterization of Citric Acid-Producing Fungi from Soil and Melon (Cucumeropsis mannii) Rind Samples Collected from Melon Farm in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
The essential and important organic acid used industrially worldwide for microbial fermentation especially filamentous fungi is citric acid. In this investigation, soil and melon rind (Cucumeropsis mannii) samples from melon farms in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. These was used to isolate, screen, identify, and characterize citric acid-producing fungi. Standard microbiological culture protocols were used for serial dilution followed by plating on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). The samples were also cultivated on Czapek-Dox Agar (CZA) enriched with bromocresol green to specifically achieve acidogenic strains isolates. This specialized medium allowed for the identification of potent isolates with observable translucent halo zones around the colonies. Green colonies were the most common of the 212 fungal colonies that were obtained. Morphological and microscopic characterization revealed the presence of several fungal genera, including Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus tamarii, Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., and Rhizopus stolonifer. Out of the characterise4d and identified fungus Aspergillus niger shows highest potential for citric acid production. The results highlighted the possibility to use melon rind as an inexpensive substrate for industrial fermentation operations and revealed the abundance of native fungi in soil and agricultural leftovers capable of generating citric acid. This research shows how local microbial sources can be effectively used in industries and biotechnological projects.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Adamude Adis Fatima, Abdulrahman Muhammad, Abdulrazak Mohammed Adewumi, Hassan Badeggi Muhammad (Author); Monday Nwankwo (Translator); Femi Ayo Gbadeyan, Umbugadu Shiri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Prevalence of Cholera among Admitted Patients of Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
This study evaluates the epidemiological trends, morbidity, and mortality patterns of cholera among patients at Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Keffi from 2021 to 2025. The findings revealed fluctuating case incidence with peaks in 2022 and resurgence in 2025, alongside a persistently high case fatality rate. Age-specific outcomes demonstrated a U-shaped mortality pattern affecting both pediatric and geriatric populations, while sex-based outcomes showed no significant difference. These findings align with national trends in Nigeria, where cholera remains endemic due to poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions. The study emphasizes the need for improved surveillance, early diagnosis, and targeted interventions.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Collins Emmanuel Akpan, Yusuf Emmanuel Atanyi , Imam Akeyede, Olukayode Orole , Peter Ogiri Agbo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Prevalence of Typhoid Fever among Admitted Patients of Federal University of Lafia Teaching Hospital, Lafia, Nasarawa State
Typhoid fever remains a significant public health challenge in Lafia, Nasarawa State, with young adults disproportionately affected. This study investigated the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of typhoid fever among admitted patients at the Federal University of Lafia Teaching Hospital (FULAFIA TH) from 2021 to 2025. A total of 72 cases were documented, with the highest morbidity observed in the 21–30-year age group (25%) and pediatric population (0–10 years, 16.7%). Mortality was concentrated in adults aged 21–40 years, with a case fatality rate (CFR) peaking at 27.8% in the 21–30 age group. Annual trends revealed fluctuating CFRs, ranging from 0% to 18.8%, suggesting variable clinical outcomes possibly linked to delayed presentation and antimicrobial resistance. The study underscores the urgent need for targeted public health interventions, including improved water infrastructure, early diagnostics, and student health programs to mitigate the burden of typhoid fever in Lafia.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Ibrahim Garba Bassi , Collins Emmanuel Akpan, Ibrahim Musa Saleh , Olukayode Orole , Itopa Salihu Abdulrasheed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Risk-Based Analysis of Malaria Transmission and Healthcare Needs among Nomads in North Central Nigeria
Nigeria continues to bear a disproportionate share of the global malaria burden, with nomadic populations remaining one of the most underserved and vulnerable groups. This study presents a risk-based and spatiotemporal assessment of malaria transmission and healthcare access among nomadic communities in North Central Nigeria. A cross-sectional mixed-methods design was employed, integrating quantitative surveys (rapid diagnostic tests and structured questionnaires), qualitative interviews, and geospatial analysis. Data were obtained from 100,000 nomadic individuals across six states. Results indicate that malaria prevalence among febrile individuals was 45%, with significantly higher rates among children under five years (63%). Overall transmission was influenced by seasonal patterns, with prevalence rising to 67% during the rainy season. Logistic regression analysis identified key determinants of malaria infection, including age under five (AOR = 2.53), distance greater than 5 km to health facilities (AOR = 1.88), and lack of formal education (AOR = 1.62), while insecticide-treated net (ITN) use (AOR = 0.69) and formal healthcare utilization (AOR = 0.75) were protective. Despite high awareness of malaria (85%), preventive practices and healthcare utilization remain suboptimal, with only 28% reporting ITN use and 18% accessing formal health facilities. Structural barriers such as distance (55%), cost (48%), and cultural factors continue to limit access to care. The study highlights significant spatial clustering of malaria risk in riverine and hard-to-reach areas. The findings underscore the urgent need for mobile, culturally sensitive, and geographically targeted malaria interventions to improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment among nomadic populations.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Imam Akeyede, Shakirudeen Adewale Yusuf, Ibrahim Musa Saleh, Atanyi Yusuf Emmanuel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Characterisation of Antibiotic Resistant Pseudomonas Species in Environmental and Clinical Samples in Lafia, Nasarawa State
Soil, water, and animals are reservoirs for resistance genes and multidrug resistant bacteria. The genus Pseudomonas is widely distributed in nature, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most clinically significant. The aim of the study was to characterize antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas species in environmental and clinical samples in Lafia, Nasarawa State. Water and soil (50 each) samples were collected five times per week, along with 50 urine samples. Samples with significant bacteriuria were analysed for positive isolates. The presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes on their DNA was confirmed with PCR analysis. Water samples had Pseudomonas counts ranging from 1.0x05 to 17.0x105 CFU/mL, and soil samples had highest count of 14.0x104 CFU/g. Pseudomonas species were 86.7% resistant to Augmentin and 75% resistant to Ceftazidime, while Ofloxacin had the lowest resistant isolates at 25%. The multidrug resistance was 72.7% in the water isolates, 72.2% in urine, and 60.0% in soil isolates as the lowest. There was no significant association between sample source and MDR prevalence (p > 0.05). The resistance gene bla_VIM and virulence gene pvdM was each carried by 14 (82.4%) of the Pseudomonas sp. and six of them co-carried bla_VIM and bla_NDM genes. Pseudomonas mendocina isolate haboured neither virulence nor resistance genes. The findings calls for concern as the genes haboured by the Pseudomonas species encode resistance to carbapenems, the last resort antibiotics. Pseudomonas putida, a non-pathogenic isolates haboured bla_VIM and bla_NDM genes making them a reservoir for horizontal transfer to other isolates and bacteria in the environment.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Stella Ladi Ageba, Olukayode Olugbenga Orole, Gerard Osuyi Uyi, Maryam Hassan Muhammad, Femi Gbadeyan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Phylogenetic Characterisation of Antimycotoxigenic Fungal and Bacterial Endophytes from Maize Roots
Endophytes are interesting microorganisms with ability to produce important health and industrial relevant metabolites. This study characterised the phylogenic relationship of bacterial and fungal endophytes, and determined the antimicrobial potential of the endophytes against mycotoxigenic fungi of stored maize. Maize roots were collected from which endophytes were isolated. The isolates’ DNA was amplified and sequencing carried out to identify them. The phylogenetic relationship of the isolates was constructed from the obtained sequences. The antifungal activity of the isolates was determined against mycotoxigenic fungi obtained from maize seeds. Fourteen isolates (six bacteria and eight fungal strains) were identified as endophytes. Trichoderma harzianum had activity against Penicillium verrucosum, Aspergillus carbonarius, A. parasiticus, A. ochraceus, A. flavus and A. niger with inhibition ranging from 78.6% to 90.6%, while Burkholderia cepacia had percentage inhibition of 60.9% and 63.2% against A. ochraceus and A. niger, respectively as the most active antifungal bacterial endophyte. The phylogenetic revealed that Burkholderia cepecia and Novosphingobium sp. are not closely related to the other bacterial isolates.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Olukayode Olugbenga Orole, Henry David Dimut, Femi Gbadeyan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
First-principles Computation of Cubic CsGeF3 Perovskite's Structural, Elastic, and Mechanical Properties
The research investigates the structural, elastic and mechanical characteristics of lead-free cubic CsGeF3 perovskite under density functional theory (DFT) through combined Quantum Espresso and Thermo_PW computational techniques. The researchers conducted three exchange-correlation functional tests (PZ, PBE, and WC) to determine lattice parameter optimization, elastic constant computation and mechanical stability assessment. The research showed that optimized lattice constants achieved results which closely aligned with existing theoretical data. The material's mechanical stability is demonstrated by its predicted elastic constants which require cubic crystal structures to maintain structural integrity. The evaluation of material’s mechanical properties used Young's, Shear modulus, and Bulk moduli, Poisson's and Pugh's ratio, machinability index, Vickers hardness test and anisotropy factor measurement. The study found that CsGeF3 can withstand compression while displaying ductile behaviour in certain operational situations. The comprehensive study shows that CsGeF3 functions as a lead-free perovskite which shows potential in optoelectronic devices and solar energy harvesting technologies.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 M. S. Otto, M. S. Liman, A. D. Abdullahi , Abdullahi Lawal, F. M. Usman, Z. S. Liman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Extraction, Prototype Design for the Process Automation of Pure Amorphous Silica from Rice Milling Waste (Husk)
The global shift to sustainable materials has intensified research on agricultural waste materials like rice husk as they can produce high-purity silica. The process of silica extraction through traditional hot leaching methods requires excessive energy and creates environmental pollution. The research project aims to investigate how leaching processes affect material composition. The researchers assessed silica through multiple methods which included Scanning Electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) X-ray fluorescence (XRF) X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric Analysis-Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA-DTA). The treated silica reached 97% purity while maintaining a dense structure and minimal impurities and it demonstrated thermal stability that extended beyond 600 °C. The H₂SO₄-treated silica achieved 96% purity but its thermal stability decreased to 680 °C while HNO₃-treated silica with 95% purity exhibited carbon content of 3.05% and reduced thermal stability because of incomplete organic matter removal. XRD confirmed that all the samples exist as amorphous materials. The SEM-EDS analysis showed that HCL treatment resulted in the most effective impurity reduction because this sample showed the best compact morphology. The (TGA-DTA) analysis demonstrated weight-loss at various stages which occurred during moisture loss and organic matter decomposition while the material maintained stable thermal properties at high temperatures.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Abdulkarim Muhammad Hamza, Ahmed Abdullahi Sule, Umar Sa'ad Aliyu, Atanyi Yusuf, Sani Muhammad, Mustapha Adejo Muhammad , Adejo Andrew Ojonugwa, Hassan Shaibatu Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Geochemical Characterization and Mineralization Potential of Basement Rocks in Arum, North-Central Nigeria
Geochemistry and mineral potential of Arum and environs, North Central Nigeria, was carried out to evaluate and characterize the major and trace elements composition in the rocks and stream sediments of the area. Sixteen rock samples from four lithologies and eighteen stream sediments were collected at strategic locations. The samples were geochemically analyzed for major and trace elements using X-ray fluorescence. The silica concentrations in the pegmatite and granodiorite range from 76.0 to 79.95 weight percentage (wt%) and 74.09 to 76.01 weight percentage (wt%), respectively, according to the analytical results, which showed that both minerals are extremely siliceous. All of the lithologies in the study area exhibit a slightly consistent concentration of Al2O3, with the ranges being 13.48 to 15.06 in fine to medium grain granite gneiss, 14.65 to 15.91 in medium grain banded gneiss, 13.26 to 14.3 weight percent (wt%) in granodiorite, and 14.26 to 14.65 weight percent (wt%) in pegmatite. The TAS plot of silica saturation index indicates that Arum rocks are granitic, and the aluminum saturation index indicates that Arun rocks are primarily peraluminous. The geochemical concentration shows the spatial distribution and enrichment. The bar-chart concentration plots revealed an uneven anomalous concentration of thorium (Th), tantalite (Ta), niobium (Nb), tin (Sn), and rubidium (Rb) in ppm, compared to their respective background concentration, which revealed a positive anomalous concentration. Arum shows allochthonous mineralization that is structurally controlled and can be regarded as been mineralized in Th, Nb, Sn, U, and Ta.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 A. S. Usman, A. B. Segun, A. M. Kaura , A. S. Mukaila, Y. Andarawus, I. M. Sanusi, S. Aliyu, L. O. Agho, T. E. Bamidele (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Thermal Stability Analysis of Cassava Starch-Polyvinylpyrrolidone Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes using Kissinger Model for Lithium-ion Battery Application
Due to the challenges faced by most electrolytes in withstanding high temperatures especially during peak operating conditions, this study analyses the thermal stability of cassava starch-polyvinylpyyrrolidone nanocomposite polymer electrolytes for lithium-ion battery applications. The study employed five samples of cassava starch-polyvinylpyyrrolidone nanocomposite polymer electrolytes prepared using direct-heating solution casting method. The data collected from these samples were analyzed using Bragg's. Sherrer's and Kissinger models. The results showed that all the samples are within the medium crystallite size and moderate thermal stability range,w with Sample 5 having the highest peak decomposition temperature and thermal stability of 194KJ/mol.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Iyamu C. O., I. I. Ewa , L. W. Lumbi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Molecular Dynamics Study of Structural Properties in a Strongly Coupled One-Component Plasma using Lammps
The study uses molecular dynamics simulations with LAMMPS to examine a model liquid plasma system which exhibits structural and dynamical properties of a strongly coupled Yukawa-type One-Component Plasma. The phase behavior is methodically investigated over a broad range of coupling strengths., requirements for screening bridging the gap between crystalline solids and weakly coupled gaseous plasmas. The study uses three techniques which include phase space diagrams, Mean Squared Displacement and Radial Distribution Functions to trace the changes which occur throughout the system. The results demonstrate an explicit shift from a disordered gas-like state which occurs at low coupling to a liquid state which has strong short-range order (20.0 ≤ Γ ≤100.0), and ultimately a solid-like state which has crystalline properties at extremely high coupling. The analysis method called "Structural Order vs. Coupling Strength" measures structural order through the first peak height in the RDF which shows a direct relationship with Γ as it increases. The dynamic MSD studies demonstrate that local structure development in RDFs occurs together with caged particle movement initiation while system coupling advancement leads to reduced diffusion rates. The research provides a strong computational system which scientists use to study liquid plasma systems and it enables them to identify phase transitions and study atomic-scale structures and analyze material behavior under extreme conditions. The research results provide crucial support for developing theoretical models which scientists use to study astrophysical plasma systems and inertial confinement fusion, high-energy-density physics because understanding dense plasma states requires knowledge of strongly coupled systems.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Abubakar Danyarima, Muhammad Sanusi Liman, M.S Otto, Faisal Muhammad Usman, Kamal Muhammad Gonto, Zahra Sanusi Liman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Nutritional and Antinutritional Properties of Raw, Fermented, and Germinated Yellow Maize (Zea mays L.)
This study evaluated nutritional and anti-nutritional qualities of raw (RM), fermented (FM), and germinated (GM) yellow maize (Zea mays) using traditional home methods. All analyses were performed according to standard procedures. Proximate analysis revealed that germination increased the fiber (10.19 g/100 g) and fat contents, whereas fermentation increased the crude protein (13.56 g/100 g) and carbohydrate (74.03 g/100 g) contents. Antinutrients varied with processing: total phenols decreased from 0.50% in raw maize (RM) to 0.05% in germinated maize (GM); phytate ranged from 289.87 to 450.56 mg/100 g; alkaloids ranged from 7.28 to 12.48%; and tannins ranged from 5.39 to 9.17 mg/100g. The total amino acid content was 82.18 (RM), 79.79 (FM), and 82.33 (GM) g/100 g of crude protein, with valine being the first-limiting amino acid. Germination improved protein quality, whereas fermentation reduced the presence of certain anti-nutrients and protein content. These findings demonstrate that both methods can enhance the nutritional value of maize, thereby supporting the development of an improved maize-based diet.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Matthew Olaleke Aremu, Benjamin Musa, Victoria Idowu Adeeyo, Hamza Ibrahim Muhammad, Mohammed Alhaji Mohammed, Francis Busuyi Iyiola, Edward Bebe Ayakeme (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Phytochemical Properties and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of "Gegemu" (Datura stramonium) Leaf Extract on Bronchitis Causing Organisms
This research was carried out to determine the phytochemical components of “gegemu” (Datura stramonium) and its antimicrobial susceptibility on bronchitis causing organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia and Haemophilus influenza. Phytochemical analysis of aqueous, methanoic and ethanoic extracts of “gegemu” leaf was done. Kirby Bauer Disk diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activities of aqueous, methanoic and ethanoic extracts of “gegemu” leaf. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts against the bacterial isolates was determined. Phytochemical components of the test plant showed the presence of Steroid, Alkaloids, Phenols, Tannins, Flavonoid, Saponin, Terpenoid, Anthocyanin and Anthraquinone. Among the solvents tested, methanol was the best solvent for extracting the bioactive compounds of “gegemu” leaf. Methanoic extract had bactericidal activity against Staphylocococcus aureus at 23.5mg/dl as against the control, 27.5 mg/dl, 21mgldl; 29mg1dl for Streptococcus pneumoniae, 18.5mg/dl, 26.5 mg/dl for Klebsiella pneumonia and 19mg/dl, 25.5mg/dl for Haemophilus influenza. Conclusively, “gegemu” extract had proven to possess antibacterial activities against the test organisms. The study recommends among others, that a further research be directed toward isolating and characterizing the specific bioactive compounds in Datura stramonium responsible for its antimicrobial properties to better understand their mechanisms of action.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Kehinde Olawole Ajisafe, Joy Abiola Onipede (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Characterization and Deployment of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles of Edible Mushroom with Antifungal Activity against Selected Dermatophytic Fungi
Dermatophytic infections continue to contribute to the burden of superficial fungal infections, hence the need for alternative antifungal agents from natural sources. This study comparatively evaluated the efficacy of the crude extract of Cremini kigali mushrooms and its ZnO nanoparticles against selected dermatophytic fungi. Crude extracts were prepared by maceration and ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using the green synthesis technique, and characterized. Antifungal activity against selected fungi isolates was assessed using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution. The proximate composition of the mushrooms revealed the presence of protein (28.00%), moisture (26.85%), carbohydrates (20.65%), crude fiber (11.50%), ash (9.00%), and crude fat (4.00%). The GC–MS spectral profile of the ethanol extract revealed the presence of diverse bioactive metabolites. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles was confirmed through UV spectroscopy with absorption band in the ultraviolet region at 350–380 nm. The FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups such as O-H, C-H, C=O, and C-N. TEM micrographs revealed the nanoparticles to be spherical in shape with a size ranging from 15 to 45 nm. At a concentration of 500 mg/ml, the antifungal efficacy of the nano-synthesized extract was higher, with the formation of inhibition zones measuring 27.00mm ± 2.00. Results obtained on the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration revealed the antifungal efficacy of the crude extract on test fungi at a concentration of 31.25-6.25 mg/ml and 31.25 mg/ml respectively for the ZnO nanoparticles, indicating the enhanced antifungal efficacy of the nano-synthesized extract compared with the crude extract.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Aleruchi Chuku , Osuyi Gerard Uyi, Godwin Attah Obande , Ayomide Hassan Labulo, Promise Ujunwa Ikechukwu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Cannabinoids Characterization and the Anti-cancer Activity of Cannabis sativa Stem Extracts against Colorectal Cancer Cell
Cannabis sativa is a plant with a growing interests in research, and this is because of it therapeutic value associated with its active constituents such as cannabinoids and the terpenes. In this study, we characterized some isolated cannabinoids from the stems of cannabis plant using a JEOL Delta GX 400 MHz FT nuclear magnetic resonance instrument, and also evaluate the anti-cancer activity of the extracts against colorectal cancer cell. The cell viability was assessed using AlamarBlue and readings were recorded in term of fluorescence values using a microplate reader. Two cannabinoids were isolated (cannabinol and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid) from the stems. HCT 116 cancerous cell was used to test the treatment with various concentrations of the extracts (ethanol and hexane) for 24 hours, and the % viability ranges from 3.8% (higher concentration of 600 µg/mL) to 104.30 % (lower concentration of 2.5 µg/mL) for both extracts. The LC50 values of ethanol and hexane extracts were found to be 52.30 µg/mL and 51.89 µg/mL for HCT116 cell. Treatments was also carried out on a non-cancerous cell (MCF10A cell), and the % viability for both extracts (ethanol and hexane) ranges from 1.98 – 113.40 %. The LC50 values of ethanol and hexane extracts are 52.40 µg/mL and 50.70 µg/mL for MCF10A cell. Findings from this study showed that Cannabis sativa stems contains cannabinoids, and is a promising anti-cancer agent.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Ambo Idzi Amos, Edward Bebe Ayakeme (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Multi-Index Ecological Risk Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contamination in Agricultural Soils Influenced by Auto-Mechanic Activities in Anyigba, Nigeria
This study evaluated the influence of auto-mechanic workshops on the physicochemical properties, heavy metal levels, and pollution status of adjacent farmland soils in Anyigba, Kogi State. Soil pH ranged from 5.2– 6.5, reflecting slight acidification relative to the control (6.8). Electrical conductivity increased to 0.45–1.12 dS/m compared to 0.37 dS/m in the control. Soil organic carbon declined to 0.67–1.83% compared with control’s 3.24%, while cation exchange capacity decreased to 4.56–10.38 cmol/kg compared with 16.83 cmol/kg in the control, indicating reduced nutrient retention capacity. Heavy metal concentrations were markedly elevated, reaching 18.97 mg/kg (Pb), 11.09 mg/kg (Cu), 11.22 mg/kg (Ni), 12.16 mg/kg (Cr), and 2.87 mg/kg (Cd), exceeding control values of 0.83, 1.66, 3.58, 4.76, and 0.27 mg/kg, respectively. Contamination factors (CF) indicated high contamination for Pb (3.95–22.86), Cd (4.37–10.63), and Cu (3.05–6.68), and moderate contamination for Ni (1.93–3.13) and Cr (1.39–2.55). Enrichment factors (EF) showed minimal enrichment for Ni (0.88–1.93) and moderate to significant enrichment for Cd (2.16–5.13), Cu (1.26–3.22), and Pb (2.52–11.00). The Nemerow Pollution Index (3.67–17.77) classified the soils as heavily polluted. The Potential Ecological Risk Index (179.23–480.39) indicated moderate to considerable ecological risk, largely driven by Cd and Pb. Overall, the findings confirm substantial anthropogenic metal inputs from auto-mechanic activities and underscore the need for improved waste management, routine monitoring, phytoremediation strategies, and strengthened regulatory enforcement to prevent food chain contamination.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 C. B. Okpanachi, C. C. Onoyima, L. Ekwoba, R. Larayetan, E. M. Ameh, E. Abalaka, E. Ejukwa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antibacterial Efficacy of Medicinal Plants on Multidrug Resistant Bacteria from Potable Water in Calabar, Cross River State
The presence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria in water poses severe health challenges because of high risks of infection and limited treatment choices. This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of Aframomum melegueta and Ocimum gratissimum on MDR bacteria from drinking water. Membrane filtration, Gram staining and biochemical test were used to analyse water samples and identify the Bacterial isolates. The susceptibility test and minimum inhibitory concentration carried out employed the agar well diffusion method and microbroth dilution technique respectively. The bacteria isolated includes Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella sp. and Proteus sp. The physical and chemical evaluation of the water indicates that acidic pH numbers fall below WHO standard and turbidity levels was above the standard. Phytochemical parameters of both plants reveal the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and alkaloids. The susceptibility test result shows that Escherichia coli had the highest susceptibility to the extracts of O. gratissimum, with zones of inhibition of 27.5 ± 3.5 mm and 23.5 ± 2.8 mm respectively at 100 mg/mL, while Klebsiella spp. showed the least susceptibility. Hot and cold extracts of A. melegueta demonstrated lower antimicrobial activity, with highest diameter zone of inhibition observed against E. coli (12.5 ± 0.7 mm at 100 mg/mL). The result from the present study revealed that hot and cold extracts of O. gratissimum exhibited better antimicrobial activity compared to A. melegueta against MDR bacteria isolated from drinking water sources. Routine surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in environmental water sources is highly recommended.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Peter Upla, Aleruchi Chuku, Promise Ujunwa Ikechukwu, Salamatu Musa Idris, Safiya Sani Osagede, Obulamah Zakari Muhammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Terrestrial Extremophiles as a Potential Source of Novel Antibiotics to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens
Human and animal health are increasingly affected by multidrug-resistant pathogens despite efforts to address the challenge. Research focus, shifted to microorganisms from extreme environments as possible sources of antibiotics and metabolites to halt this menace of resistance in pathogens. This paper explores the rich collection of metabolites produced by these microorganisms, their environment, and their applications. Given their intricate nature, these organisms may harbor mechanisms for producing novel metabolites and antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. We highlight recent advances in the isolation, screening, and characterization of antibiotic-producing extremophiles from their harsh terrestrial environments. Studying the diverse chemical scaffolds and mechanisms of action in these microbes can inform the development of effective antimicrobials. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and prospects of harnessing the vast array of terrestrial microorganisms in extreme environments to combat antibiotic resistance.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Adedotun Adefolalu, Olukayode Orole, Oluwatosin Shittu, Peter Abioye, Evans Egwim, Emmanuel Oluwabusola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Rhizosphere Microbial Community Structure of Transgenic versus Non-Transgenic Maize Varieties
The soil rhizosphere community is an important indicator of the overall health of the plant, and the resulting yield at harvest. The study determined the rhizosphere microbial community structure of transgenic and non-transgenic maize plants. A farm plot was divided into 4 sections for transgenic maize (SAMMAZ 74T) and non-transgenic variety 8325-8. The maize was infected at the tasseling stage and phenolic content determined after 10 days. The microbial community indices were subsequently determined using metagenomic tools. The physicochemical parameters and microbial population of the soil for maize 8325-8 and SAMMAZ 74T were not significantly differently at P<0.05. The soil with infected maize were the most diverse with Shannon index 1.834. The soil with infected maize were the most diverse with Shannon index 1.834. The transgenic maize SAMMAZ 74T had the highest dominance of bacteria (0.2536) and fungi (0.10930). Proteobacteria was the predominant bacteria phylum while Ascomycota was the predominant fungal phylum. The study concludes that the non-transgenic maize had better contribution to the soil microbial community than the transgenic maize variety.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Olukayode Olugbenga Orole, Oluwatosin Okunade, Bashir Sani, Grace Kwala, Stella Ladi Ageba, Timothy Adejumo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Delineation of Lithology-based Radiogenic Heat Production from the Analysis of Airborne Radiometric Data of Azara and Environs, North-Central Nigeria
This study offers new insights into naturally occurring radioactive minerals in the Azara area and its environs, focusing on their impact on radiogenic heat production (RHP) for exploration geothermal energy. The radiometric data were analysed in relation to the lithology of the study area to determine the contribution of each lithologic unit to the estimated RHP. The study assessed radioelement concentrations, spatial distributions, and statistical summaries for each lithologic unit. Using radiometric data, the study mapped and analysed the spatial occurrence of potassium (K), thorium (eTh), and uranium (eU). The results show average concentrations of 1.23 % for K, 12.15 ppm for eTh, and 3.38 ppm for eU. Compared with crustal averages, K levels were lower, while eTh and eU levels were slightly higher. Radioelement abundance varied across rock types, with the highest concentrations in shales, siltstones, and sandstones. Estimated RHP values ranged from 0.90 to 2.70 uWm−3, with an average of 1.70 uWm−3. The estimated RHP value falls within the typical crustal range but is below the 4.0 uWm−3 threshold for a viable geothermal energy source.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Egede O. Sunday, Okwokwo I. Oke, Sawuta M. John, Kwaghhua I. Fidelis, Adekemi B. Adegoke, Adewumi Taiwo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Ecological Health Risk Evaluation of Potentially Toxic Metals in Saline Soils Used for Table Salt Production in Awe Salt Mining Community of Nasarawa State
The assessment of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in saline soils used for table salt production is critically important because salinity can enhance the solubility and transport of metals in soils. This study assessed the concentrations, contamination and ecological risks of selected PTMs in saline soils used for table salt production in Awe Salt Mining Community, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for metal (Al, As, Cr, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentration using Genius-IF energy dispersive X–ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometer. Enrichment factor (EF), geo–accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cd), pollution load index (PLI) and ecological risk assessment (ERA) were evaluated using the measured concentrations of the PTMs. Result showed that Fe (37112.29±377.59–117044.29±993.20) was the most abundant metal. Elevated levels of Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn in the investigated saline soils exceeding their respective average shale reference levels, were observed. EF values indicated that the investigated saline soils have very high enrichment of Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn. CF values showed that Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Mn are probably responsible for the high contamination. Cd and PLI revealed high degree of contamination for all investigated saline soils. The presence Co, Cu and Hg may probably be the key controlling factor causing the potential ecological risk. These findings have provided valuable information for effective environmental management strategies and policy to alleviate the influence of PTMs generated from table salt mining environment.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Jude Chinedu Onwuka, Daniel Apeh Egyegbola, Bako Danjuma, Amos Idzi Ambo, Bilyamin Ishaq, Enebi Estella Jasper, Gladys Nkeiruka Onwuka, Lucy Ooja Agho, Adamu Usman, Agu Matthew Onyema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in staple crops is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in sub-Saharan Africa. Although plant extracts like Azadirachta indica (neem) and Curcuma longa (turmeric) are proposed as low-cost detoxificants, their in vivo efficacy and safety profiles are inadequately characterized. This study first quantified aflatoxin contamination in 300 stored groundnut samples from Nasarawa State, Nigeria, using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Concurrently, the detoxification potential and toxicity of aqueous extracts of these botanicals were evaluated in an albino rat model. Rats were divided into groups and treated via oral gavage for 28 days with AFB1 alone or in combination with either C. longa or low- (1000 mg/kg) or high-dose (5000 mg/kg) A. indica extract. Serum biochemistry was analyzed using standard diagnostic kits. The groundnut analysis revealed widespread contamination, with 51.3% of samples exceeding the USFDA safety limit (20 µg/kg) and AFB1 levels as high as 1791 µg/kg. In the rat model, high-dose A. indica (5000 mg/kg) significantly elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (92.56 vs. 76.23 IU/L in controls, P < 0.003) and reduced total protein, indicating hepatotoxicity. C. longa showed no significant biochemical alterations. These findings highlight a serious public health risk from aflatoxin exposure and reveal a dose-dependent hepatotoxicity that severely limits the therapeutic use of high-dose neem extract. The promotion of plant-based detoxification requires caution, underscoring the urgent need to improve post-harvest storage infrastructure to mitigate contamination at its source.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Pedro Akharenegbe, Aleruchi Chuku, Maryam Isah, Hannah Eyo Nsemoh, Bashiru Eya Sani, Amina Ladidi Musa, Isah Ibrahim Okposhi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Hyperacusis, characterized by increased sensitivity to sounds, presents growing challenges for effective diagnosis and intervention. This study utilizes graph theoretical metrics, specifically the calculation of the metric dimension of a graph to visualize and quantify the intricate network of interactions within the etiological landscape of Hyperacusis and it‟s potential causes. By constructing a graph H = (V,E) , where nodes (V) represent factors such as aging, trauma, infections, depression, and migraines, and edges (E) model their interactions, we calculate the metric dimension (β (H)) to identify critical factors. To further address the inherent complexity of calculating the resolving set for such a complex graph, the shortest path algorithm was utilized to determine the minimal resolving set, enhancing the precision and efficiency of the metric dimension analysis. This network-centric approach provides insights into the importance and interdependencies of these causes, reducing the complexity from thirteen possible factors to six key contributors. These findings offer a framework for targeted clinical interventions, contributing to the broader understanding of Hyperacusis etiology and improving patient management.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Hassan Ibrahim, Amechi Innocent Ezike, Vanenchii Petter Ayoo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Nutritional Assessment of Children Living with HIV/AIDS in Selected HAART-Providing Hospitals in Abia State, Nigeria
Malnutrition happens when the body lacks enough essential nutrients. Children are more vulnerable than adults and face greater risks of serious health problems from poor nutrition. This study examined nutritional assessment for children living with HIV/AIDS. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 respondents at three HAART-providing hospitals in Abia State, namely Abia State University Teaching Hospital (ABSUTH), Seventh-day Adventist Hospital, and Living World Hospital. The study revealed that most caregivers were aged 30–34 years, with a mean age of 33.7 years, and nearly half of the children were between 5 and 9 years old. While over 80% of caregivers knew the classes of food, only about half identified proper child nutrition, and many were unaware of the link between HIV and malnutrition. Exclusive breastfeeding was practiced by 55%. Children’s diets were predominantly carbohydrate-based due to low income. About 38% had recent diarrhea, and 66% were on ART. Anthropometric results showed most children within normal growth percentiles, likely reflecting ART adherence and moderate caregiver nutrition knowledge. The study concluded that although caregivers showed moderate awareness of nutrition, socioeconomic challenges and limited understanding of the relationship between HIV and malnutrition affect dietary diversity and child health outcomes. Based on the findings, it is recommended that continuous nutrition education be provided for caregivers of HIV-positive children, focusing on balanced diets and the nutritional impact of HIV. Government and NGOs should also support income-generating programs and provide nutritional supplements to improve dietary quality and child well-being.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Ogbuta Philip Kelechukwu, Echibuogu Nelson Tochukwu , Ajah Precious Amarachi , Ndubuisi Matthew Obinna, Afolabi Oluwatuyi Samson (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Delineating Depth to Bedrock using Electrical Resistivity
The present study applied geophysical method to engineering site investigation with the aim to delineate depth to bedrock and determine area that can induce structural failure. Direct current electrical resistivity method using Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) field procedure and Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) profiling techniques were adopted. Twelve (12) VLF-EM profiles and twenty-four (24) VES stations were occupied. The result of VLF/EM was unable to map genuine linear structure because significant peak positive threshold fall below 20 %. Four geoelectric units comprising of topsoil, lateritic/weathered layer, partially weathered layer and fresh bedrock with resistivity values which ranged from 88.4 to 680.3 Ωm, 45.9 to 597.3 Ωm, 27.9 to 1309.1 Ωm, and 625.5 to 16,450.6 Ωm; and layer thicknesses from 0.4 to 4.2 m, 1 to 15.1 m, 2.9 to 15.1 m were delineated respectively. The bedrock configuration presents a highly undulating structural pattern due to differential weathering, with depth to bedrock range between 5.0 and 22.0 m. The study location is underlain with competent earth materials of good bearing capacity and resistivity values generally > 100 Ωm except in the bedrock depressions in the north-east, east and southern flanks where resistivity values are < 100 Ωm. Foundation of engineering structure may be designed to avoid the high-risk zone in the bedrock depressions. Shallow foundation design is recommended for small to medium engineering structures in the study but deep foundation design is recommended in the bedrock depression filled with low resistivity earth materials.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Oladunjoye Peter Olabode (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Larvicidal Efficacy of Citrus sinensis Peel Extract against Culex quinquefasciatus
Culex quinquefasciatus, a vector of lymphatic filariasis and many other arboviral infections, remains a major public health concern, especially in regions lacking access to modern vector control tools. Growing resistance to synthetic insecticides has driven interest in eco-friendly alternatives, including plant-based larvicides such as Citrus sinensis (orange) peels. This study evaluated the larvicidal activity of ethanolic C. sinensis peel extract against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae under laboratory conditions. Air-dried orange peels were pulverized and subjected to cold maceration in ethanol. Extracts were tested at concentration of 100–8,333 ppm on third to early fourth instar larvae, with four replicates per concentration. Mortality was recorded at 24 and 48 hours. LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were determined using linear interpolation. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test at a 5% significance level. High concentrations (1,667–8,333 ppm) caused complete mortality (25.00 ± 0.00) within five minutes, with no significant difference among treatments (p > 0.05). At moderate concentrations, mortality followed a dose-response trend: 400 ppm resulted in 54% and 57% mortality at 24 and 48 hours, while 800 and 1000 ppm achieved 100% mortality at both time points. Estimated LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were 385.2 and 713.0 ppm. No control group mortality was recorded throughout the study. C. sinensis peel extract exhibits potent larvicidal activity against Cx. Quinquefasciatus, particularly at concentrations above 400 ppm. Its efficacy low cost and availability suggest potential as a natural component in integrated mosquito control strategies, particularly in resource-limited settings.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2026 Oluwaseun Adegbola Adesoye, Fatima Salihu, Susan Oluwaponmile Adetutu, Israel Oluwansola Akinsete, Oluwatoyin Adeola Oyeniran, Nyadar Palmah Mutah, Ayodele Babalola, Adedapo Adeogun, Adedayo Michael Awoniyi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Proton Beam Therapy-Based Computation in the Treatment of Human Ovarian and Liver Cancer using Srim
Proton beam therapy is a promising technique used to cure various types of cancer diseases in the human body. This technique can selectively damage cancer cells while leaving surrounding cells unaffected thereby minimizing collateral damage to the healthy cells. The position and the width of the cancerous cells are determined to calculate the energy required to destroy the affected cells. The energy loss to the damaged cells and other body parts is calculated separately with high accuracy. Computational analysis indicates that proton beams with energies of 46 MeV, 47 MeV, and 48 MeV effectively destroy localized cancerous cells of the ovary from the epithelial cells to the more invasive cancerous growth while proton beam energy range of 50 MeV to 89 MeV should be considered for the treatment of liver cancer of both the periphery tumours and tumours in the hilum. Transport of ions in matter (TRIM) data shows that more than 80% of proton energy is given off during ion bombardment at Bragg’s peak, while the remaining percentage is lost by phonon production and by recoils.
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2023 Lafia Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0