Computation of Energy and Tensor Product of Graphs

Authors

  • Hassan Ibrahim Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria Author
  • Tijani Ibrahim Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria Author
  • David Terna Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62050/fjst2026.v10n1.645

Keywords:

Energy of a graph, Tensor Product, Cartesian Product, Categorial Product, Strong Product

Abstract

Graph energy has increased tremendously, and many versions of the energy have been conceived and proposed. The products of connected graphs play a vital role in the study of DNA analysis. In this paper, the adjacency energy of the tensor product, strong product, Cartesian product, and categorial product of a complete graph ???????? and a cycle graph ????????, were computed. The products ????3⊗????4, ????3⊗????3,????4⊗????4,????3⊠????4,????4⊠????4,????3×????4,????3×????3,???????????? ????4×????4 were considered. The adjacency matrix and associated eigenvalues were computed, and the relationship between the graph energies was established.

 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

  • Hassan Ibrahim, Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria

     Department of Mathematics

  • Tijani Ibrahim, Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria

    Department of Mathematics

  • David Terna, Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria

    Department of Mathematics

References

Arshad, A. and Afzal, A. (2024). Computing Zagreb connection indices for the Cartesian product of path and cycle graphs. Scientific Inquiry and Review, 8(3), 102–118. DOI: 10.32350/sir.83.05.

Balamoorthy, S. (2024). A-vertex magicness of product of graphs. AKCE International Journal of Graphs and Combinatorics, 21(3), 279–285. DOI: 10.1080/09728600.2024.2350581

Cvetkovic’, D., Simic, S. and Rowlinson, P. (2009). An Introduction to the Theory of Graphs Spectra. Cambridge University Press, London. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511801518.

George, B., Jose, J. and Thumbakara, R. K. (2023). Tensor products and strong products of soft graphs. Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications, 15(08), 2250171. DOI: 10.1142/S1793830922501713

Gutman, I. and Polansky, O. (1986). Mathematical Concepts in Organic Chemistry. New York: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-70982-1

Gutman, I. (1978). The energy of a graph. Berlin Mathematics Statistics Sket. Forschungsz Graz, 1–22.

Kumar, S., Sarkar, P. and Pal, A. (2024). A study on the energy of graphs and its applications. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 44(6), 4127–4136. DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2023.2245104

Pouyandeh, S., Moez, A. M. and Abdian, A. Z. 2019. The spectral determination of connected multi-cone graphs. AIMS Mathematics, 4(5), 13–22. DOI: 10.3934/math.2019.5.1348

Ramane, H. S. and Maraddi, H. N. (2018). Degree subtraction adjacency eigenvalues and energy of graphs obtained from regular graphs. Open Journal of Discrete and Applied Mathematics, 1(1), 8–15. DOI: 10.30538/psrp-odam2018.0002

Padmaja, C., Permi, K., Girisha, A. and Prashanth, B. 2025. Cartesian product of path with standard graphs and their energy. Journal of applied mathematics & informatics, 43(1), 113–122. doi.org/10.14317/jami.2025.113.

Zhou, B. and Bu, C. (2012). Laplacian spectral characterization of some graphs obtained by product operation. Discrete Mathem., 312(10), 1591–1595. DOI: 10.1016/j.disc.2012.02.002

Zhou, B., Gutman, I. and Aleksic, T. (2018). A note on Laplacian energy of graphs. MATCH Commun. Math. Comput. Chem., 60(2), 441–446.

Downloads

Published

10-03-2026

How to Cite

Computation of Energy and Tensor Product of Graphs. (2026). FULafia Journal of Science and Technology , 10(1). https://doi.org/10.62050/fjst2026.v10n1.645

Similar Articles

1-10 of 53

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.